WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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for small hydropower production with a total of 734.2 13 14 MW (with a definition of up to 30 MW). SHP installed capacity (up to 10 MW) SHP potential (up to 10 MW) SHP installed capacity (up to 30 MW) SHP potential (up to 30 MW) 45 MW 75.4 MW 45 MW 368.4 MW 0 100 200 300 400 Figure 1 Small hydropower capacities in Nigeria Source: Ecowas Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency 12 and authors’ calculation Ongoing small hydropower activities are: 2x75 kW Waya Dam, Bauchi State plant completed (United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN), Bauchi State Government). 1x30 kW Ezioha-Mboro Dam small hydropower, Enugu (UNIDO, ECN). 2x200 kW Tunga Dam small hydropower, Taraba State (UNIDO) Capacity building in hydropower research and development at the National Centre for Hydropower Research and Development (NACHRED), University of ILORIN. Renewable energy policy In April 2010, the Federal Ministry of Power established a standing committee to work out ways of developing the country's capacity in the hydropower sector as part of its strategy to tackle its endemic problems. 9 So far there is no feed-in-tariff regulation in place. Nigeria has a National Energy Policy that has been approved and launched in 2003, as well as a National Energy Master Plan and a Renewable Energy Master Plan in final draft. 15 Main targets are the expansion of electricity supply to 75 per cent of the population by 2025 and a stronger participation of the private sector. It also foresees a promotion of renewable energies and their incorporation in the national energy mix. 9 The goal is to generate 18 per cent of electricity from renewable energies by 2025, and 20 per cent by 2030, with broad objectives as follows: 16 To enhance energy security in the nation by diversifying the energy supply mix; To increaes energy access especially in the rural and semi-urban areas; To facilitate employment creation and empowerment; To protect the environment and to mitigate climate change. Barriers to small hydropower development As discussed in the previous sections, the issues of vandalism, theft and illegal connections to the grid make investment in electricity infrastructure difficult and limit business opportunities, with many firms struggling or failing to survive as an indirect result of electricity supply problems. However, small hydropower, particularly in its micro and pico forms, offers the possibility of energy security to rural areas. Due to the difficulties in the electricity infrastructure both people and businesses are ready to embrace small hydropower and other mini-grid solutions. 8 This provides a good springboard for small hydropower if it can overcome capacity building and technical barriers such as: Lack of small hydropower skills and information of the potential sites; Lack of feasibility studies; Need of information and awareness raising in rural areas; Energy infrastructure financing difficulties; Lack of energy service companies which can efficiently develop and operate the sites; Absence of local small hydropower research and development and small hydropower equipment manufacturing. 9 Overlapping mandates and conflicts over responsibilities in Nigeria, including disagreements between the agencies responsible for water resources and those for power generation and distribution also affect small hydropower development. 10 References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook./ 2. Bureau of Public Enterprises (2012). Power Generation (Status and Outlook). Paper presented at the Nigeria Power Sector Investment Forum. 27 January 2011. Available from www.bpeng.org/Electric_Power/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed November 2012. 130
3. World Bank (2011). Economic overview and performance. Available from web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AF RICAEXT/NIGERIAEXTN/0,,menuPK:368902~pagePK:141 159~piPK:141110~theSitePK:368896,00.html Accessed December 2012. 4. International Energy Agency (2005). Energy statistics and balances of non-OECD countries. . Available from www.iea.org/stats/. 5. Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Power and Steel (2006). Renewable electricity policy guideline. Abuja. Available from www.iceednigeria.org. Accessed 6 November 2012. 6. Obadote, D. (2009). Energy crisis in Nigeria: Technical issues and solutions. Paper presented at the Power Sector Prayer Conference, Nigeria. 25-27 June. 7. Anumaka, M (2012) Analysis of Technical Losses in Electrical Power System (Nigerian 33 Kv Network as a Case Study IJRRAS 12 (2). 8. Olanrewaju, S. (2012). 52 years after independence: It is 4,203MW for 160 million people. Nigerian Tribune, 25 September. Available from www.tribune.com.ng/index.php/features/48086-52- years-after-independence-it-is-4203mw-for-160millionpeople. Accessed December 2012. 9. German Agency for Technical Cooperation (2010). Policy and regulatory framework conditions for small hydro power in Sub-Saharan Africa. Discussion paper. July. 10. Sambo, A.S. (2009). The Place of Renewable Energy in the Nigerian Energy Sector. Paper presented at the World Future Council Workshop on Renewable Energy Policies, 10 October. Addis Ababa. 11. A.A. Esan, UNIDO Regional Centre (2011). Survey by International Center on Small Hydro Power for Nigeria answered in October 2011 12. Ecowas Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (2012). Baseline <strong>Report</strong> on Small-Scale Hydropower in the ECOWAS Region. Praia, Cape Verde. 13. Tunde, A.O. (2005). Small Hydro Schemes: Taking Nigeria’s Energy Generation to the Next Level. Paper presented at the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Power Engineering Society Inaugural Conference and Exposition in Africa. Durban. Available from: ieeexplore.ieee.org/. 14. Sambo, A.S. (2011). Renewable energy policy and plans in Nigeria. Available from www.areanet.org/fileadmin/user_upload/AREA/AREA_downloads /AREA_Conference_11/Presentations/RE_Policy_and_Pl ans_in_Nigeria-ECN_Abubakar_Sambo.pdf. Abuja. Accessed December 2012. 15. Agbonaye, A.I., Alabi, T.M., Gaji, M.M., Fasipe, O.A. (2012). Nigeria Country Paper: Overview of the Hydropower Resources and Potentials for Renewable Electricity. Paper presented at the Regional ECREEE Workshop on the ECOWAS Scale-Up Programme for Small-Scale Hydro-power. Monrovia, Liberia. April. 16. International Renewable Energy Agency (2012). Renewable Energy Country Profile Africa. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. 131
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
Page 95 and 96: 1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
Page 97 and 98: 1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
Page 99 and 100: 1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
Page 101 and 102: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 103 and 104: SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
Page 105 and 106: 16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
Page 107 and 108: construction and the project will b
Page 109 and 110: Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
Page 111 and 112: 1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
Page 113 and 114: 1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
Page 115 and 116: and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
Page 117 and 118: oth present and future”. Should t
Page 119 and 120: 1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
Page 121 and 122: hydropower in South Africa and the
Page 123 and 124: Integrated resource plan for electr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
Page 127 and 128: 1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
Page 129 and 130: Trust funds for renewable energy te
Page 131 and 132: According to a 2010 analysis for in
Page 133 and 134: consumption, as well as cost deprec
Page 135 and 136: Sustainable energy through developi
Page 137 and 138: enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
Page 139 and 140: Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
Page 141 and 142: 1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
Page 143 and 144: 1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
Page 145: 1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
Page 149 and 150: The only small hydropower station i
Page 151 and 152: 1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
Page 153 and 154: 2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
Page 155 and 156: potential for small hydropower prov
Page 157 and 158: 2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
Page 159 and 160: 2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
Page 161 and 162: 2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
Page 163 and 164: 2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
Page 165 and 166: Immediate key initiatives for the f
Page 167 and 168: kW but less than 15 MW are consider
Page 169 and 170: Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
Page 171 and 172: 2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
Page 173 and 174: Renewable energy policy In February
Page 175 and 176: Table 2 Classification of small hyd
Page 177 and 178: 2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
Page 179 and 180: sector and rural communities will b
Page 181 and 182: 1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
Page 183 and 184: years of commercial operation). In
Page 185 and 186: operate renewable energy projects a
Page 187 and 188: Since then, several values close to
Page 189 and 190: addition to long period of contract
Page 191 and 192: institutions portray a robust syste
Page 193 and 194: exemption from distribution and tra
Page 195 and 196: een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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