WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

3.4.2 Indonesia
Lara Esser, International Center on Small Hydro Power
SHP installed
capacity
99.4 MW
Key facts
Population 248,645,008 1
Area 1,904,569 km 2
Climate Tropical, hot and humid, but more
moderate in the highlands. There are
two discernible seasons, both of
which are hot. The coastal regions,
however, are often cool, and in the
mountains the air is chilly.
Topography Mostly coastal lowlands, but the
larger islands have interior
mountains.
Rain pattern Dry season: June to October. Rainy
season: November to March.
Electricity sector overview
The total installed capacity of Indonesia was 35,313
MW in 2011. 2 Indonesia does not import any
electricity. Thermal sources are dominant contribution
to electricity generation (figure 1). In 2010, most of
the electricity (83 per cent) was produced by the
state-utility PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara’s (PLN), 6.4
GW off-grid, half of which from renewable sources
and half from diesel. 3
Hydro/Geothermal 5.2%
Gas
24.0%
Oil
25.9%
Coal
44.9%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Figure 1 Electricity generation in Indonesia
Source: Differ Group 3
Note: Data from 2010.
In Indonesia, only 67.2 per cent of households have
access to electricity. 2 Indonesia has a rural
electrification programme included in its Renewable
Energy Development Program, where the
Government has taken measures to replace dieselbased
power plants with renewable energy ones. 4
Access to electricity, particularly in rural areas is still a
challenge where increased use of hydropower
potential is considered an appropriate solution. 2 The
Government targets an electrification rate of 90 per
cent by 2020. 4
Small hydropower sector overview and potential
In Indonesia there is no agreed general consensus on
the small hydropower definition, with the terms small,
mini, micro and pico hydropower used
interchangeably. Current installed small hydropower
capacity is about 100 MW, however, the potential is
much higher (figure 1).
SHP potential
1267 MW
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Indonesia
Germany has provided long-term support to the
development of mini hydropower in Indonesia. A
cooperative called Mini Hydro Power Project (MHPP)
was carried out by the Directorate General of
Electricity and Energy Utilization, Ministry of Energy
and Mineral Resources and the German Technical
Cooperation (GTZ). The first phase of the MHPP
project (1991-1996) had focused on the introduction
of technology to local institutions and individuals thar
were already active in micro hydropower project
development. In the second phase (1999-2002), the
scope of intervention was broadened to include policy
dialogue, scaling-up of technology packages, and
improving operation and management. The project
has developed a variety of mini hydropower
technology packages transferring knowledge and
expertise to local manufacturers in Java and Sumatra.
Over the past decade, such packages have been
applied in more than 100 installations. These schemes
presently supply over 20,000 families with clean and
sustainable energy. 5
As part of the global Energizing Development
Program, MHPP has, since 2006, been scaled-up to
further enhance sustainable access to energy in rural
Indonesia. Between 2006 and 2009, over 90 additional
schemes went into operation. By 2009, these schemes
supplied 68,000 individuals, 427 social infrastructures,
and 2,020 small businesses with clean energy. In 2010,
a monitoring survey visited 20 mini hydropower sites
built in Sumatra and Sulawesi under MHPP. The
survey mission found 19 out of the 20 visited mini
hydropower sites were still operational and in overall
good condition. Only one was temporarily out of
operation due to land conflicts. On average about
240W is available for each of the 1,638 households
supported by the 19 MHPP investigated. Additionally,
88 per cent of the social infrastructure buildings in the
communities are supplied by the installation, meaning
that small businesses can also benefit. All sites are
looked after by trained operators who receive a
regular salary. All communities individually defined a
tariff system, where the rules for customer and social
infrastructure tariffs were set; five communities even
have special tariffs for productive use. Each has an
established technical and financial management
system. All villages use the collected tariff for future
maintenance and repair of the systems hence they do
not require any further external support. 6
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