WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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4.3.9 Serbia Pascal Hauser and Lara Esser, International Center on Small Hydro Power Key facts Population 7,292,574 Area 77,474 km 2 Climate Continental in the north (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall; continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns) in other parts Topography Extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, mountains and hills. Rain pattern Annual precipitation varies from 550 mm to 650 mm in Vojvodina to 800 mm to 1,200 mm in the mountainous regions. All the lower areas, including the lower Drina basin, have annual precipitation of below 800 mm. 2 Electricity sector overview The total electricity production of Serbia in 2010 was 35,900 GWh. 1 Serbia depends on imports of oil and gas for about 40 per cent of its energy. Hydropower accounts for around 30 per cent of its electricity generation, the rest is generated from thermal power Small hydropower sector overview and potential Small hydropower, defined as less than 10 MW capacities, has a potential of around 1,800 GWh/year. 3 By using the total energy potential of small hydropower plants, it is possible to meet 4.7 per cent of total power production and around 15 per cent of power production from hydropower plants (see above). The energy potentials of streams for different locations are documented in the Cadastre of Small Hydropower Plants in Serbia, dating from 1987. Construction on places outside the cadastre is also possible with consent of the Ministry of Mining and Energy and other competent ministries and institutions, given the maximum utilization of the potential. A summary of 38 municipalities with the biggest potential for the construction of small hydropower plants indicates 711 locations with a potential of 409 MW (1,459 GWh/year). 5 Small hydropower installed capacity is close to 50 MW (figure 2). SHP installed capacity SHP potential 49.6 MW 409.3 MW 0 100 200 300 400 500 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Serbia Source: Serbia Energy 5 , International Journal on Hydropower and Dams 6 plants (figure 1). 3 70% Hydropow er 30% Thermal sources 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Serbia Source: Austrian Energy Agency 3 Serbia's economy is highly energy intensive, in fact its energy per unit of output ration is 2.7 times more than the average of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). While energy efficiency is a priority in its energy strategy, Serbia has not yet adopted the planned framework law on rational use of energy. 4 Serbia adopted the Energy Sector Development Strategy in 2005. An implementation plan followed in 2007 and has most recently been updated in 2010. The development of a new energy strategy for a period of at least 15 years is projected under a new Energy Law that was adopted in 2011. As a member of the Energy Community, Serbia is legally bound to implement large parts of the EU Acquis Communautaire on energy, the new Energy Law represents a substantial step in that direction. 4 Figure 3 Map showing the total installed small hydropower capacity Source: Renewbl.com 7 382
Renewable energy policy Serbia has a largely untapped and significant potential for renewable energy. Hydropower is the most important potential as compared to other energy sources, at approximately 17,000 GWh, with 10,000 GWh currently in use. Other than hydropower, only biomass has been partly developed as an renewable energy source. 3 Feed-in tariffs exist, but the administrative procedures for authorization, licensing and network connections are the biggest barrier for the use of renewables. 4 Serbia took upon itself to increase the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption from 21.2-27 per cent by 2020. Before autumn 2013, key documents regulating the energy sector should already be in place, such as the new Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia by 2025 with development projections up to 2030. 8 References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook. 2. Waterwiki (2009). Serbia and Montenegro. Available from http://waterwiki.net/index.php/Serbia_and_Montene gro. Accessed December 2012. 3. Austrian Energy Agency (2011). Energy Supply. Austrian Energy Agency - Energy in Central and Eastern Europe. Available from www.enercee.net/serbia/energy-supply.html. 4. Energy Community (2011). European Union Report 2011. Available from www.energy-community.org/ portal/page/portal/ENC_HOME/ENERGY_COMMUNIT Y/EU/Serbia/EU%20report%202011. 5. Serbia Energy (2007). Small Hydro Power Plants. Available from http://serbia-energy.com/ index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67 &Itemid=77. 6. International Journal on Hydropower and Dams (2012). World Atlas and Industry Guide 2011. Surrey, UK: Aquamedia International. 7. renewbl.com (2011). MoU for 50 small hydropower plants in Serbia signed. 8. Serbia Energy (2012). Serbia to change feed in tariff system for RES projects, government to boost competition for green electricity production. 26 November 2011. Available from http://serbiaenergy.com/2012/11/serbia-to-change-feed-in-tariffsystem-for-res-projects-government-to-boostcompetition-for-green-electricity-production/. 383
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348: 4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
Page 349 and 350: 4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
Page 351 and 352: 11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353 and 354: Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
Page 355 and 356: References 1. Central Intelligence
Page 357 and 358: Regional overview and potential All
Page 359 and 360: 4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362: 4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
Page 363 and 364: 4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
Page 365 and 366: 4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 367 and 368: 4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370: 5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
Page 373 and 374: 4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
Page 375 and 376: 4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
Page 377 and 378: 4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
Page 379 and 380: Despite the issues which adversely
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Page 383 and 384: No. 9072 (last amended in November
Page 385 and 386: 7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
Page 387 and 388: Renewable energy policy Using renew
Page 389 and 390: development of small water currents
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Page 393 and 394: Legislation on small hydropower The
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Page 397: Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Page 403 and 404: growing difficulty to obtain the ne
Page 405 and 406: Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
Page 407 and 408: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 409 and 410: The Stream Map Project recommends t
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Page 413 and 414: 4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
Page 415 and 416: 4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
Page 417 and 418: 4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
Page 419 and 420: 4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
Page 421 and 422: Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
Page 423 and 424: For New Zealand, the remaining pote
Page 425 and 426: Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
Page 427 and 428: 5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
Page 429 and 430: 5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
Page 431 and 432: The Government of Fiji developed a
Page 433 and 434: Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
Page 435 and 436: 5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
Page 437 and 438: 5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
Page 439 and 440: 5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
Page 441 and 442: organizations and foreign governmen
Page 443 and 444: Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
Page 445 and 446: In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
Page 447 and 448: Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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