WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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obligation on the Secretariat of Energy (SENER) to elaborate and publish the inventory of all renewable energy sources. Legislation on small hydropower The Political Constitution of Mexico stipulated in Article 27 pertains exclusively to the Nation to generate, transmit, transform, distribute and supply electric energy which is intended for public service. In this matter no concessions will be awarded to particulars. The Public Service is carried only by the Federal Commission of Electricity (CFE). In 1992 the Law of the Public Service of Electric Energy was modified to stipulate in Article 3 that it is not to be considered as Public Service. With that legal modification particulars have now the right to generate, co-generate and import energy, but not to sell it to the public; thus they can only use it for self-supply, export or to sell exclusively to CFE. It is then permitted to form a partnership of private developers of specific renewable energy projects with different technologies and a pool of industrial, commercial and municipal energy consumers. These new enterprises fulfil the condition of Self Supply. The licensing process includes the following main procedures: • Legal incorporation of the company (15 days) obtained by the developer • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) authorization (20 or 60 days) issued by the Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT). Three options with increasing levels of complexity depending on the project include either a preventive report, a particular or a regional EIA. • Water authorization (60 days, for 5 to 50 years) issued by the National Water Commission (Conagua) which grants the concession to use surface water, exemption if eligible as a renewable energy project permit to use federal zone and a permit to build hydraulic infrastructure • Feasibility studies by the CFE are also required. These consist of a study on grid connection (30 days) and a feasibility study on transmission (20 days). Moreover contracts issued by the CFE need to be obtained; these include: a contract on grid connection (90 days), a contract to buy/sell renewable energy to CFE, an agreement of electric backup and an agreement of transmission. • Permits for electric energy generation are issued by the CRE within 20 to 50 days. • Municipal Permits for construction are issued by the Municipal Governments involved. Barriers to small hydropower development The typical barriers to small hydropower development in Mexico are listed below. Most of them could also apply to other countries of Central America with due nuances. Technological: Inexistence of a detailed and reliable national hydropower potential inventory in natural and artificial streams. Coupled with a high hydrological uncertainty due to lack of adequate basic meteorological and hydrometric information. Focus of the studies on local projects, rather than focus on entire river basins to systematically assess all feasible projects, with economies of scale in the planning and construction stages. Technical deficiencies in small hydropower project formulation, due to rudimentary methods applied in the early phases of prospecting and pre-feasibility studies. For this reason the success rate is too low, where only two out of ten identified sites attain the construction stage, but all consume effort, time and money. This discourages new investments in prospecting. Inadequate or incomplete assessment of small hydropower project flows of costs and benefits. Social: Legitimate social and community concerns about hydropower projects, often based on lack of education and objective information. In addition to, disproportionate expectations of local communities regarding compensations to remedy regional underdevelopment and lack of services. Ideological and political opposition induced from within the country and from abroad against large and small hydropower projects, private participation in the electricity sector and foreign investments. Regional insecurity and delinquency. Regulatory and Legal: Requirement for complete feasibility studies prior to having the assurance to obtain all the permits are costly. Coupled with complex and multiple licensing procedures with federal, state and municipal authorities. Restrictions play a vital role as a barrier to small hydropower development. High restrictions on projects proposed in protected areas, without impact analysis. Restrictions for licensing of small hydropower projects in existing hydraulic urban and irrigation infrastructure. Requirement to connect to the grid in higher voltage. Exposure to risk of issuance of new concessions for different water uses or diversions upstream of the project. Long period of licensing and legal processes in 172
addition to long period of contract preparation for structuring projects. Exposure to the risk of legal challenges by another developer for a site that is under prospecting or licensing process. Requirement to establish a trust to control the property of assets, contracts, rights and cash flows of the project. Economic: A lack of coverage and capacity of electric grid in areas with high hydropower potential, thus requiring major investment in interconnection lines. A lack of coverage and maintenance of roads in areas with high hydropower potential, thus requiring major investment in access roads. Charges or duties for the volume of water used to generate energy, rather than for the energy produced. Commercial: Saturation of the consumer market for self-supply. Low credit rating of prospective energy consumers. And the low price of the energy delivered to the national electric system. Exposure to the risk of gradual or sharp decline in energy prices due to energy bids. Difficulty to access mechanisms of payment for greenhouse gas emissions reduction Financial: Lack of financing options for the prospecting and pre-feasibility phases. Limitation of funds made available by commercial banks for small hydropower projects, in some cases due to lack of specific experience. Terms of commercial credit in the country are not conducive, regarding interest rate, loan term and grace period. Requirement to augment the ratio of equity capital to debt and the condition to disburse equity capital prior to using debt capital. Requirement to structure syndicated loans for larger projects. Difficulty access to mezzanine funds, clearly subordinated to principal debt, to complement equity capital. High requirements of banks to assess the specific track record and financial solvency of the project developers. High requirements of financial guarantees, beyond the project expected cash flows, such as long term power delivery agreements, high credit rating of energy consumer partners, construction and supervision contracts with highly ranked firms (EPC), operation and maintenance contracts during the loan term and the requirement of opinions from independent experts. Difficulty to access mechanisms of partial guarantees of the loan and of guarantees against project cost overruns. References 1. Consejo Nacional de Población (2009). Proyecciones de la población de Mexico 2010-2050. Available from http://conapo.gob.mx/es/CONAPO/Proyecciones. Accessed March 2009. 2. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook 3. Comisión Nacional del Agua (2012). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Available from http://smn.cna.gob.mx/. Accessed November 2012. 4. Secretaría de Energía (2013). Prontuario Estadístico del Sector Energético. Mexico, D.F. Available from www.sener.gob.mx/webSener/portal/Default.aspx?id= 1432. 5. Comisión Reguladora de Energía (2013). Permisos de generación e importación de energía eléctrica. Available from www.cre.gob.mx/articulo.aspx?id=171. Accessed March 2013. 6. Comisión Federal de ELectricidad (2013). Centrales generadoras al mes de mayo de 2013. Available from www.cfe.gob.mx/ConoceCFE/1_AcercadeCFE/Estadisti cas/Paginas/Centrales-generadoras.aspx. Accessed March 2013. 7. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (2010). National census ITER 2010. Available from www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/consulta_resultados/iter2 010.aspx. Accessed November 2012. 8.Organización Latinoamericana de Energía (2012). 2012 Energy Statistics Report. Quito. 9. Secretaría de Energía (2010). Balance Nacional de Energía. Mexico, D.F. Available from www.sener.gob.mx/res/PE_y_DT/pub/2011/Balance%2 0Nacional%20de%20Energ%C3%ADa%202010_2.pdf. 10. Comisión Nacional para el Ahorro de Energía (1995). Estudio de la Situación Actual de la Minihidráulica Nacional y Potencial en una Región de los Estados de Veracruz y Puebla. Available from www.conae.gob.mx. 11. Secretaría de Energía (2013). Estrategia Nacional de Energía 2012-2026. Mexico, D.F. Available from www.energia.gob.mx/res/PE_y_DT/pub/2012/ENE_20 12_2026.pdf. 12. Armando Trelles and others (2006). Identificación y evaluación de proyectos minihidroeléctricos en la cuenca del río Culiacán. Informe de proyecto TH0658.3. Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, Jiutepec. 13. Armando Trelles and others (2006). Identificación y evaluación de proyectos minihidroeléctricos en la cuenca de los ríos Nautla y Tecolutla. Informe de proyecto TH0659.3. Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, Jiutepec. 173
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
Page 137 and 138: enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
Page 139 and 140: Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
Page 141 and 142: 1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
Page 143 and 144: 1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
Page 145 and 146: 1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
Page 147 and 148: 3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
Page 149 and 150: The only small hydropower station i
Page 151 and 152: 1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
Page 153 and 154: 2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
Page 155 and 156: potential for small hydropower prov
Page 157 and 158: 2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
Page 159 and 160: 2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
Page 161 and 162: 2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
Page 163 and 164: 2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
Page 165 and 166: Immediate key initiatives for the f
Page 167 and 168: kW but less than 15 MW are consider
Page 169 and 170: Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
Page 171 and 172: 2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
Page 173 and 174: Renewable energy policy In February
Page 175 and 176: Table 2 Classification of small hyd
Page 177 and 178: 2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
Page 179 and 180: sector and rural communities will b
Page 181 and 182: 1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
Page 183 and 184: years of commercial operation). In
Page 185 and 186: operate renewable energy projects a
Page 187: Since then, several values close to
Page 191 and 192: institutions portray a robust syste
Page 193 and 194: exemption from distribution and tra
Page 195 and 196: een lowered in this region. One of
Page 197 and 198: The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
Page 199 and 200: y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
Page 201 and 202: provide not only labor, but local m
Page 203 and 204: 2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
Page 205 and 206: https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
Page 207 and 208: Electrification with Renewable Ener
Page 209 and 210: 2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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Page 213 and 214: The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
Page 215 and 216: 2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
Page 217 and 218: 2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
Page 219 and 220: In addition, Peru has a clean energ
Page 221 and 222: In accordance with the requirements
Page 223 and 224: Information on the total installed
Page 225 and 226: 2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
Page 227 and 228: Table 4 Small hydropower potential
Page 229 and 230: 2.4.2 United States of America Lara
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
Page 233 and 234: involving certain low-impact situat
Page 235 and 236: which hydropower plants under 30 MW
Page 237 and 238: share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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