WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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Foreword LI Yong Director General, UNIDO Since the industrial revolution and the introduction of steam power, energy has been at the forefront of boosting industrialization and economic growth. The availability of fossil fuels led to increased production, employment and technological innovation, which improved living standards around the world. Environmental challenges, energy security, and volatile fuel prices associated with conventional fossil fuels, have shifted the focus to renewable energies as a basis for low-carbon and sustainable development. Access to reliable low-cost energy based on locally available renewable resources for productive use is a precondition for industrial competitiveness, increased productivity, job creation, and income generation, which provide opportunities for social includion. Renewable energies are also key success factors in reducing the environmental footprint (e.g. CO2-emissions per unit of output) of industrial production. Small hydropower is one of the most suitable renewable energy solutions for productive use and rural electrification. Small hydropower is a mature technology that can be easily constructed, operated and maintained locally. A great share of the small hydropower value chain benefits local economies. It has the lowest electricity generation prices of all off-grid technologies, and has the flexibility to be adapted to various geographical and infrastructural circumstances. Increased small hydropower development will showcase the use of renewable energy in industries, and small and micro enterprises, being an ideal technology option to mainstream renewable energy use to improve productivity, boost industrialization and reduce geographic inequality in industrial production. As a leading United Nation agency in the provision of renewable energy solutions for inclusive sustainable development, UNIDO is collaborating with the International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP), based in China, to develop a small hydropower knowledge platform www.smallhydroworld.org and to publish the World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013. This flagship initiative of UNIDO is a worldfirst compilation of global small hydropower data, and will be a crucial policy and investment guide for renewable energy provision through small hydropower. It aims at identifying the world’s small hydropower development status and its potential in different countries and regions by engaging with stakeholders to share information. The initiative reinforces UNIDO’s continuous commitment to accelerating sustainable development and enhancing productive capacities. To date, much of the world’s small hydropower potential remains untapped. The first step to promote small hydropower is through dissemination of reliable data for policy development and energy planning, as well as though guiding investors in entering renewable energy markets. UNIDO and ICSHP are proud to facilitate this collective effort based on the contribution of more than 60 different authors and organizations from all over the world. We would like to thank all contributing authors and organizations for their work. We are proud to jointly promote small hydropower development for productive use and sustainable industrialization further, and invite interested organizations and experts to participate. UNIDO will continue to play a special role in promoting a system of international dialogue and engaging small hydropower stakeholders from across the world to make this initiative a hub for all small hydropower related information. LI Yong Director General UNIDO vi
Acknowledgements The World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013 (WSHPDR 2013) benefited from the support of many organizations, international experts and individuals, especially Arun Kumar and Wim Jonker Klunne. This publication wouldnot have been possible without their support and contribution from around the world. Editors Heng Liu and Lara Esser - International Center on Small Hydro Power Diego Masera - United Nations Industrial Development Organization Editorial Board Linda Church-Ciocci - National Hydropower Association, United States Ayodele Esan -UNIDO Regional Center for Small Hydropower, Nigeria Solomone Fifita - Secretariat for Pacific Community Dirk Hendricks - European Small Hydropower Association Jinxing Huang - Canmet Energy, Canada Motoyuki Inoue – Ritsumeikan University and Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan Pradeep Monga - United Nations Industrial Development Organization Hongpeng Liu - United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Victorio Oxilia - Latin American Energy Association - OLADE Teodoro Sanchez - Practical Action Andres Szöllösi-Nagy - UNESCO-IHE Zhongxing Tian - International Network on Small Hydro Power K. M. Dharesan Unnithan - UNIDO Regional Centre for Small Hydropower, India ICSHP Secretariat Coordinator and translator - Lara Esser Communications - Ugranath Chakarvarty, Lara Esser, Pascal Hauser, Elena Quiroga-Fernández Editorial team - Laxmi Aggarwal, Guillaume Albrieux, Kai Whiting, Elena Quiroga-Fernández, Sidney Yeelan Yap, Yingnan Zhang Publication advisor and copyeditor - Sidney Yeelan Yap Regional advisors - Xiaobo Hu, Yan Huang, Deyou Liu, Chuanqi Ou, Jianghui Wei UNIDO Secretariat Coordinator - Diego Masera Editorial team - Jana Imrichova, Magdalena Sanguinetti, Sunyoung Suh, Caroline Zimm Cover design - red hot ‘n’ cool ltd., Vienna We would like to thank the following for their invaluable help during the production of the report: Sussanna Aigbiluese, Pablo Alvarez, APACE-VFEG Team, Dursun Basandorj, Magdalena Bilbilovska, Suryo Busono, Yuanfang Chen, Roberto Custode, Marc D’Anselme, John Dar, Julián Despradel, Gustavo A. Devoto, Nimashi Fernando, Solomone Fifita, Aderito Figuera, Pierre-Jacques Frank, Camilha Galhardo, Kusum Gyawali, Håvard Hamnaberg, Zhao Hao, Gabriel Hernandez, Bernhard Hu, Jinhui Jeanne Huang, Tandin Jamtsho, Joel Jeangrad, Hai Jin, Oliver Jung, Kennedy Kaltavara, Raul Karpowicz, Jay Knight, Nazar Korpeyev, Arun Kumar, Francois Lefevre, Bryan Leyland, Zhiwu Li, Zhiguang Liu, Allyson Luders, Martin Lugmayr, Khumbolawo Lungu, Tumenjargal Makhbal, Pete Maniego, Samuel Martin, Pedro Matthei, Emily Morton, Emma Murray, Nasib Naik, Aime Nganare, Joseph Kalowekamo, Enrique Portaluppi, Marcela Portaluppi, Dale Qiu, Chewang Rinzin, Abdullellah Rasooli, Bill Roush, Gabriel Salazar, Magdalena Sanguinetti, Mónica Servant, Dipendra nath Sharma, Shane Silvera, Dili Singh, Karan Singh, Mattijs Smits, Kevin Kimkian Tan, Jiandong Tong, Nobuhiro Tsuda, Jose Luis Rodriguez Vasquez, Xianhong Wu, Yueping Xu, Dan Yao , Minmin Ye, Rapa Young, Aiming Zhou, Xiaoyuan Zhu. The following have provided insightful advice during the peer-review process: Xialei Cheng of Hangzhou Regional Center (Asia Pacific) for Small Hydropower, Mark Draeck of UNIDO, Trevor Daniell of University of Adelaide, Bethany Duarte of Pennwell, Dolf Gielen of IRENA, Rudolf Huepfl, Thomas Jossy of UNIDO, Zhiwu Li of Hangzhou Regional Center (Asia Pacific) for Small Hydropower, Hongpeng Liu of UNESCAP, Heng Liu of ICSHP, Chiyembekezo S. Kaunda of University of Dar es Salaam, Wim Jonker Klunne of CSIR, Arun Kumar of Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Martin Lugmayr of ECREEE, Emmanuel Michael of UNIDO, Niels Nielsen of IEA Small Hydropower Annex, Gabriel Salazar of OLADE, Katerina Syngellakis of GIZ Fiji, Simon Taylor, Geraldo Tiago Filho of Centro Nacional de Referência em Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (CERPCH), Sergio Armando Trelles Jasso of Hidrotec. This list is by no means exhaustive. We apologize for any inadvertent errors or omissions of contributors to the publication. vii
Page 1: World Small Hydropower Development
Page 5 and 6: Published in 2013 by United Nations
Page 7: in the World Small Hydropower Devel
Page 11 and 12: JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
Page 13 and 14: 86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
Page 15 and 16: 301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
Page 19 and 20: electrification, building micro-hyd
Page 21 and 22: potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
Page 23 and 24: A range of barriers exist in Southe
Page 25 and 26: The Renewable Energy Directive has
Page 27 and 28: The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
Page 29 and 30: Introduction A world-first assessme
Page 31 and 32: Small hydropower definition Countri
Page 33 and 34: 12. United Nations Environment Prog
Page 35 and 36: small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
Page 37 and 38: 1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 39 and 40: potential developers, since their p
Page 41 and 42: Notes: Listed are only operational
Page 43 and 44: Financial institutions are not will
Page 45 and 46: Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 47 and 48: 10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
Page 49 and 50: the district of Mulanje. The Agency
Page 51 and 52: 1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
Page 53 and 54: 1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
Page 55 and 56: with local entrepreneurs to extend
Page 57 and 58: 1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
Page 59 and 60:
1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
Page 109 and 110:
Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
Page 185 and 186:
operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
Page 219 and 220:
In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
Page 249 and 250:
In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
Page 269 and 270:
Renewable energy policy The Renewab
Page 271 and 272:
Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
Page 273 and 274:
www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
Page 275 and 276:
Procurement and Construction (EPC)
Page 277 and 278:
3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
Page 279 and 280:
Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
Page 281 and 282:
Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
Page 283 and 284:
3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
Page 285 and 286:
presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
Page 293 and 294:
3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
Page 295 and 296:
The International Finance Corporati
Page 297 and 298:
5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
Page 303 and 304:
2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
Page 305 and 306:
3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
Page 307 and 308:
Sustainable Development On the Run
Page 309 and 310:
comparison with other energy source
Page 311 and 312:
Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
Page 313 and 314:
3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
Page 315 and 316:
3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
Page 317 and 318:
3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
Page 319 and 320:
Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
Page 321 and 322:
The Ministry of Water Resources is
Page 323 and 324:
Table 1 Small hydropower potential
Page 325 and 326:
3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
Page 329 and 330:
Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
parameters are taken into account.
Page 341 and 342:
The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348:
4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
Page 349 and 350:
4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
Page 351 and 352:
11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353 and 354:
Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
Page 355 and 356:
References 1. Central Intelligence
Page 357 and 358:
Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362:
4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
Page 381 and 382:
characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
Page 389 and 390:
development of small water currents
Page 391 and 392:
changes should be scheduled and tim
Page 393 and 394:
Legislation on small hydropower The
Page 395 and 396:
development and construction of sma
Page 397 and 398:
Licensing procedure suitable for sm
Page 399 and 400:
Renewable energy policy Serbia has
Page 401 and 402:
€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
Page 403 and 404:
growing difficulty to obtain the ne
Page 405 and 406:
Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
The Stream Map Project recommends t
Page 411 and 412:
action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
Page 421 and 422:
Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
Page 423 and 424:
For New Zealand, the remaining pote
Page 425 and 426:
Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
Page 427 and 428:
5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
Page 449 and 450:
5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
Page 453 and 454:
South America 178 1 Overview of cou
Page 455 and 456:
Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
Page 457 and 458:
67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
Page 459 and 460:
155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 461 and 462:
254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
Page 463 and 464:
347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 465 and 466:
431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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