WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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2.2.8 Panama Yan Huang, International Center on Small Hydro Power Key facts Population 3,510,045 1 Area 78,200 km 2 Climate Tropical maritime: hot, humid, cloudy 1 Topography Interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains; coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills 1 Rain pattern Caribbean coast: precipitation in the rainy season from May to December accounts for 70-80 per cent and in the dry season only 20-30 per cent. Pacific coast: precipitation in rainy season is 85-93 per cent and 7-15 per cent during remaining time of the year 2 Electricity sector overview The electrification rate in Panama is 88.1 per cent. 3 By the end of 2011, Panama had 2,391 MW installed electricity generation capacity, 56.5 per cent (1,351 MW) hydropower, and 43.5 per cent (1,040 MW) thermal (figure 1). 4 Thermal 43.5% Hydropower 56.5% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Panama Source: Secretaría Nacional de Energía 5 The National Secretariat of Energy is in charge of formulating energy policies according to the National Plan of Development. In Panama, hydropower development started in 1915 with the construction of the Panama Canal. In 1961, the Instituto de Recursos Hidráulicos y Electrificación (IRHE) was established and served as a state-owned enterprise, which made a plan of a series of small/medium hydropower projects. In 1972, the nationalization of the electric sector covered the whole electric system. As a result in 1974, the Electric System of IRHE was created. According to the Law No. 6 dated 3 February 1997, the generation (four enterprises), distribution (three enterprises) and transmission (one enterprise) were separated and parts of the shares of some generation and distribution enterprises were privatized. 5 Small hydropower sector overview and potential In Panama, hydropower plants are considered small hydropower if the capacity does not exceed 5 MW. There are 10 small hydropower plants in Panama with a capacity under 10 MW and a total installed capacity of 38.8 MW (figure 2). Four of the smaller plants are reported not to be operational. 6 According to the Inventory of Hydroelectric Projects (Inventario de Proyectos Hidroelectricos) carried out by Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A. (ETESA), in 2000 the total potential for small hydropower projects with capacities ranging between 1 kW and 100 kW was 1.2 MW, for those ranging between 100 kW and 1 MW was 5.22 MW and for those ranging between 1MW and 10MW was 115.9 MW, thus with a total of 122.3 MW. 7 SHP installed 38.80 MW capacity SHP potential 122.32 MW 0 40 80 120 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Panama In order to overcome the low electrification rate in Panama the Oficina de Electrificación Rural aims to increase rural electrification by the use of micro hydro, photovoltaics and small wind projects. 8 Renewable energy policy Article 55 of Law No. 6 established in 1997, states that it is in the Government’s agenda to encourage the diversity of energy sources and to mitigate adverse environmental impacts by reducing the country’s dependency on traditional energy sources. Competitions and auctions for the sale of electricity are incorporated with a five per cent discount for renewable energy purchases. 9 The Government of Panama has not established specific targets for renewable energy but it has increased its support through the approval of different incentives. The Law 45 has provided strong incentives for small renewable energy applications, including hydro, geothermal, wind, solar and other renewable energy technologies. In addition, the National Assembly has launched incentive laws for renewable energy such as import and other tax exemptions for equipment of wind generation (projects under 10 MW) and large hydropower. Wind generation benefits from 25 per cent of repaying the initial investment based on their carbon credits. 10 Legislation on small hydropower In 2004 the Government enacted Law 45 (Establishment of an Incentive Regime for Systems of Hydraulic Generation and of Other New, Renewable and Clean Sources) that established preferential measures for mini and small hydropower plants, i.e. mini hydropower plants may realize sales contracts directly with electric distribution companies with 176
exemption from distribution and transmission costs. Small hydropower plants are granted this exemption for the first 10 MW during the first 10 years of commercial operation. 10 Barriers to small hydropower development Panama is disadvantaged by an underdeveloped value chain regarding small hydro, despite the room for development and growth of a value chain, encouraged by the generous policy tax incentive. In addition, a dearth of microfinance institutions and local investors further hinders the progress of the small hydropower sector. 8 References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook. 2. Secretaría Nacional de Energía (n.d.). Característica Geomorfológica y Geológica de Panamá. Panamá. Available from www.energia.gob.pa/pdf_doc/caracteristicas.pdf. 3. International Energy Agency (2011). World Energy Outlook 2011, 9 November 2011. Paris. 4. Organización Latinoamericana de Energía (2012). 2012 Energy Statistics <strong>Report</strong>. Quito. 5. Secretaría Nacional de Energía (n.d.). Generación – SIN. Panamá. Available from www.energia.gob.pa/GeneracionSIN.html. 6. Secretaría Nacional de Energía. Desarrollo de las Hidroeléctricas. Panamá. Available from www.energia.gob.pa/pdf_doc/desarrollo.pdf. 7. Secretaría Nacional de Energía (2000). Inventario de Proyectos Hidroelectricos. Panamá. Available from www.energia.gob.pa/pdf_doc/inventarios-proyectos-h idroelectricos.pdf. 8. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and Multilateral Investment Fund (2012). Climatescope 2012-Assessing the Climate for Climate Investing in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York. Available from www5.iadb.org/mif/Climatescope/2012/img/content/ pdfs/eng/Climatescope2012-report.pdf. 9. Johnson, Amanda and Meisen, Peter (2012). Achieving 100% Reliance on Renewable Energy for Electricity Generation in Central America. Global Energy Network Institute. San Diego. Available from www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/renewable-ener gy-transmission-central-america/Central%20America% 20Renewable%20Energy%20Resources.pdf. 10. Madrigal, Marcelino and Stoft, Steven (2012). Transmission Expansion for Renewable Energy Scale-Up: Emerging Lessons and Recommendations. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development . Washington D.C.: World Bank. Available from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/han dle/10986/9375/702650PUB0EPI0070034B0978082139 5981.pdf?sequence=1. 177
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
Page 141 and 142: 1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
Page 143 and 144: 1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
Page 145 and 146: 1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
Page 147 and 148: 3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
Page 149 and 150: The only small hydropower station i
Page 151 and 152: 1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
Page 153 and 154: 2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
Page 155 and 156: potential for small hydropower prov
Page 157 and 158: 2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
Page 159 and 160: 2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
Page 161 and 162: 2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
Page 163 and 164: 2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
Page 165 and 166: Immediate key initiatives for the f
Page 167 and 168: kW but less than 15 MW are consider
Page 169 and 170: Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
Page 171 and 172: 2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
Page 173 and 174: Renewable energy policy In February
Page 175 and 176: Table 2 Classification of small hyd
Page 177 and 178: 2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
Page 179 and 180: sector and rural communities will b
Page 181 and 182: 1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
Page 183 and 184: years of commercial operation). In
Page 185 and 186: operate renewable energy projects a
Page 187 and 188: Since then, several values close to
Page 189 and 190: addition to long period of contract
Page 191: institutions portray a robust syste
Page 195 and 196: een lowered in this region. One of
Page 197 and 198: The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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Page 201 and 202: provide not only labor, but local m
Page 203 and 204: 2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
Page 205 and 206: https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
Page 207 and 208: Electrification with Renewable Ener
Page 209 and 210: 2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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Page 213 and 214: The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
Page 215 and 216: 2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
Page 217 and 218: 2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
Page 219 and 220: In addition, Peru has a clean energ
Page 221 and 222: In accordance with the requirements
Page 223 and 224: Information on the total installed
Page 225 and 226: 2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
Page 227 and 228: Table 4 Small hydropower potential
Page 229 and 230: 2.4.2 United States of America Lara
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
Page 233 and 234: involving certain low-impact situat
Page 235 and 236: which hydropower plants under 30 MW
Page 237 and 238: share of total energy balance by 20
Page 239 and 240: 2. World Meteorological Organizatio
Page 241 and 242: SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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