WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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Renewable energy policy In 2009, the Secretariat of State for Energetic Policy launched a renewable energy programme that covers the following sectors: biogas, solar, biodiesel, hydro and wind. No investments in wind power have been made yet but it is indicated in the plan. 5 The target is to supply 80 per cent of the population with electricity by 2025. Built upon the 2008–2012 Development Plan of Timor-Leste and parallel to the development of biogas, bio-fuel and the installation of hydropower plants in 2009, the country hopes to meet half of its energy needs from renewables under the National Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030. 4 The Portuguese company Martifer has identified more than 450 MW of potential renewable energy projects spread across the following technologies: 252 MW hydropower (wire-to-water and regulation), 100 MW hydro pumping, 72 MW wind, 22 MW solar and 6 MW biomass/solid waste. The Government predicts the establishment of wind and hydropower hybrid systems. In the rainy season hydro will be used, while during the drier period, fuel or biogas generators can be used to guarantee energy sustainability for the community. The community would guarantee the production of energy necessary for their local necessities, and if at all possible, sell the excess for the national electric network. 5 The Basic Law for Renewable Energies was drafted in 2011 by the Secretariat of State for Energy Policy, who intends to establish a production limit of 2 kW. The energy produced by community electrical power plants will be only for their consumption and the excess sold to the national network. The Government’s objective is that community power plants have energy self-sufficiency and can produce a financial income in a way that will help the most remote populations to develop their economy. To date, most of the renewable energy projects are being implemented by international donors and local and international NGOs, and are tiny compared with the national energetic programme (such as the National Grid or the Tasi Mane Heavy Oil Plant). 8 Barriers to small hydropower development Synergies between government, academia, research institutes and NGOs need to be strengthened in order to secure sustainable development in short and long term. Improved monitoring and evaluation mechanisms would assist the Government to identify lessons and best practices and to scale up and/or replicate successful projects. Capacity-building at community level is necessary and should be strengthened, to promote knowledge and experience sharing, as well as skills development, consultation, piloting, learning and effective delegation of authority, support for community rights to manage their land. Property rights are unclear. Customary laws which deal with marine and natural resources are not defined. Concerns stemming from a lack of adequate water infrastructure and vulnerability towards drought due to variability in rainfall, especially during El Niño periods, could result in sociopolitical tensions and mistrust around small hydropower as it seemingly competes with other water users. 9 6 Education and public awareness campaigns are important tools in combating this problem. Technical difficulties due to the steep and complexity of the terrain. High cost of developing renewable technologies in Timor-Leste. Installed meters in cities have in many cases been bypassed, leading to a substantial rate of electricity theft, and a low coverage of cost repayment. This kind of behavior does not free up funds that the Government needs to implement small hydropower and renewable energies on a wider scale. References 1. International Energy Agency (2011). World Energy Outlook 2011. Available from www.iea.org/. 2. República Democrática de Timor-Leste (2011). Timor-Leste Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030. Available from http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp- content/uploads/2011/07/Timor-Leste-Strategic-Plan- 2011-20301.pdf. 3. Hoseith, J. and Klein, K. (2007). Gariuai Mini HEP: The First Hydropower Plant in a New Country. Presentation at the International Conference on Small Hydropower: Hydro Sri Lanka. 22-24 October. Available from http://ahec.org.in/links/International%20conference% 20on%20SHP%20Kandy%20Srilanka%20All%20Details %5CPapers%5CPolicy,%20Investor%20&%20Operatio nal%20Aspects-C%5CC22.pdf. 4. Government of Timor-Leste (2011). Renewable Energies: Timor-Leste invests on Micro Hydropower. 24 September. Available from http://timorleste.gov.tl/?p=3939&n=1&lang=en. 5. Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation (2011). Iralalaru Hydropower Plant. Available from www.smec.com/Default.aspx?aProjId=464. 6. Asian Development Bank (2004). Power Sector Development Plan for Timor-Leste. Dili: Pacific Department. 7. Timor-Leste, Ministry of Economy and Development (2012). Sustainable Development in Timor-Leste. National <strong>Report</strong> to the United Nations Conference on 290
Sustainable Development On the Run up to Rio + 20 RDTL/ UNDP. p. 94-95. 8. Renewable and Energy Efficiency Program (2012). Policy DB Details: Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste 2010. Available from www.reeep.org/index.php?id=9353&text=&special=vi ewitem&cid=75. Accessed December 2012. 9. Moss, J, McGann M and Vikstrom, A (2012). Climate Change and Energy Poverty in Timor-Leste. University of Melborne. Available from www.socialjustice.unimelb.edu.au/assets/files/pdf/20 12/TimorLeste%20.pdf. Accessed December 2012. 291
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
Page 255 and 256: infrastructure and of the transmiss
Page 257 and 258: 3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
Page 259 and 260: 3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
Page 261 and 262: 3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
Page 263 and 264: Livelihoods and Energy Department,
Page 265 and 266: 3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
Page 267 and 268: Hydropower projects, until recently
Page 269 and 270: Renewable energy policy The Renewab
Page 271 and 272: Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
Page 273 and 274: www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
Page 275 and 276: Procurement and Construction (EPC)
Page 277 and 278: 3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
Page 279 and 280: Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
Page 281 and 282: Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
Page 283 and 284: 3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
Page 285 and 286: presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
Page 287 and 288: Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
Page 289 and 290: 3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 291 and 292: 3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
Page 293 and 294: 3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
Page 295 and 296: The International Finance Corporati
Page 297 and 298: 5. To enhance awareness on the role
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Page 301 and 302: ecent policy shift by the National
Page 303 and 304: 2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
Page 305: 3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
Page 309 and 310: comparison with other energy source
Page 311 and 312: Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
Page 313 and 314: 3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
Page 315 and 316: 3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
Page 317 and 318: 3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
Page 319 and 320: Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
Page 321 and 322: The Ministry of Water Resources is
Page 323 and 324: Table 1 Small hydropower potential
Page 325 and 326: 3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
Page 327 and 328: 13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
Page 329 and 330: Small hydropower potential in Turke
Page 331 and 332: 4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
Page 333 and 334: 2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
Page 335 and 336: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 337 and 338: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 339 and 340: parameters are taken into account.
Page 341 and 342: The development of hydropower plant
Page 343 and 344: 2. European Small Hydropower Associ
Page 345 and 346: Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348: 4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
Page 349 and 350: 4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
Page 351 and 352: 11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353 and 354: Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
Page 355 and 356: References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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