WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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9. KPMG (2008). Policy for Renewable Energy and Master Plan for Off-Grid Energy Phase II. KPMG. 10. Mutubuki-Makuyana, Chandirekera Sarah (2010). Financial and Ownership Models for Micro-hydro Schemes in Southern Africa. Harare. 11. German Agency for Technical Cooperation (2009). GTZ-AMES M, Rehabilitation of Maize Mills for Energy Services in Chua Village: Jimy. Eschborn. 12. German Agency for Technical Cooperation (2009). GTZ-AMES M, Rehabilitation of Maize Mills for Energy Services in Chua Village: Nquarai. Eschborn. 13. Villa, Juan Pablo (2012). Draft plan for Chimoio’s Excellence Center Hydropower Division. Oldenburg. Available from https://energypedia.info/wiki/EN_Draft_plan_for_Chim oio%E2%80%99s_Excellence_Center_Hydropower_Divis ion_Juan_Pablo_Villa. 14. Wooders, Peter and Kitson, Lucy (2012). Country Case Study Renewables Readiness Assessment: Mozambique Preliminary findings. Abu Dhabi. 15. Agricultural Research Council (n.d.). Limpopo Basin – Draft. Pretoria. Available from www.arc.agric.za/limpopo/pdf/basin_profile_part1a.pdf 16. Klunne, Wim Jonker (<strong>2013</strong>). African hydropower database: Hydro stations in Mozambique. Presentation at Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Durban. 13 June. 17. Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit- Access to Modern Energy Services Mozambique (2009). Rehabilitation of Maize Mills for Energy Services in Chua Village: Lino. Eschborn. 40
1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi Aggarwal, International Center on Small Hydro Power Key facts Population 833,000 1 Area 2,512 km 2 Climate Tropical and humid. Warm and humid season (November to- April), drier season (May to October) Topography Island with coast and mountain peaks in the interior. Rain Pattern The Austral summer is in January and February, which is also the season for tropical cyclones. The country is the record holder for the highest rainfall during 12-, 24-, 48- and 72-hours. 2 Electricity sector overview Réunion island is an overseas department and administrative region of France. Réunion has the goal to reach 100 per cent of renewable electricity production by 2030. 3 Electricity is provided by Électricité de France (EDF). The total electricity production in 2008 was 2,546 GWh, from a mix of thermal and renewable sources, with coal being the dominating energy source (figure 1). Interestingly, the electricity production in 1982 relied solely on hydropower. 4 Data in 2009 showed that projects that generate electricity increased to 2,618 GWh, of which 67.5 per cent is from fossil fuels (petroleum and coal) and 32.5 per cent from renewable energy. 5 The breakdown of the various energy sources is unavailable, hence this report projected the data from 2008 instead (figure 1). The average growth of electricity production in Réunion had decreased from 5.3 per cent per year between 2000 and 2005 to 3.6 per cent per year from 2006 to 2009 as a result of a demand management program authorized in 2000 and an increased use of costly fossil fuel. 5 Solar 0.41% Municipal waste 0.52% Wind 1.19% Fuel oils 9.06% Sugarcane, bagasse 10.21% Hydropower 21.71% Coal 56.90% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Réunion Source: Drouineau et al. 4 Note: Data from 2008, as data projections for 2009 do not provide sufficient detailed breakdown of the contribution of various energy sources. Réunion has invested in a diverse range of renewable energy sources but the most developed source is hydropower as it was one of the first renewable sources used on the island. 5 Small hydropower sector overview and potential SHP installed capacity SHP potential uknown 11 MW 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Réunion Source: Grenelle de l’Environnement à la Réunion, Réussir l’Innovation 6 , Forum for Energy and Development 7 Hydropower is produced at Rivière de l’Est (78 MW), Takamaka I (17 MW) and II (26 MW), Bras de la Plaine (5 MW) and Langevin (4 MW) power stations as well as Bras des Lianes (2 MW). 4 7 Though the large- and smallhydropower potential has been tapped, there still are a number of potential sites, where micro hydropower stations can be installed. 7 A technical report from 2008 indicated that there were four run-of-river type stations with a total installed capacity of 10.5 MW (62.65 GWh) and three stations with a total capacity of 106.5 MW (550,000 GWh). 8 There is no pumped storage technology on the island. Taking into consideration environmental issues, there are several further categories for the realization of hydropower potential, such as irrigation infrastructure. Small hydropower potential in Réunion (Megawatts) Category of potential Potential capacity Difficult to realize 59.10 Under strict conditions 50.53 Normal 11.47 Total 121.10 Source: Comité de bassin de la Réunion 8 Note: Irrigation sites are not considered to be affected by environmental issues. Renewable energy policy In 2000, the Regional Council of Réunion implemented the Plan Régional des Énergies Renouvelables et de l'Utilisation Rationnelle de l'Énergie (PRERURE) that played as a precursor for the Grenelle de l’Environnement à la Réunion – Réussir l’Innovation (GERRI) project which has the objective to integrate environmental innovation, mobility, energy and its uses, urban planning, construction and tourism into society by 2030. 41
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World Small Hydropower Development
Page 5 and 6: Published in 2013 by United Nations
Page 7 and 8: in the World Small Hydropower Devel
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
Page 11 and 12: JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
Page 13 and 14: 86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
Page 15 and 16: 301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
Page 19 and 20: electrification, building micro-hyd
Page 21 and 22: potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
Page 23 and 24: A range of barriers exist in Southe
Page 25 and 26: The Renewable Energy Directive has
Page 27 and 28: The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
Page 29 and 30: Introduction A world-first assessme
Page 31 and 32: Small hydropower definition Countri
Page 33 and 34: 12. United Nations Environment Prog
Page 35 and 36: small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
Page 37 and 38: 1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 39 and 40: potential developers, since their p
Page 41 and 42: Notes: Listed are only operational
Page 43 and 44: Financial institutions are not will
Page 45 and 46: Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 47 and 48: 10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
Page 49 and 50: the district of Mulanje. The Agency
Page 51 and 52: 1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
Page 53 and 54: 1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
Page 55: with local entrepreneurs to extend
Page 59 and 60: 1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
Page 61 and 62: Different donor agencies have assis
Page 63 and 64: 1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
Page 65 and 66: 5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
Page 67 and 68: Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 69 and 70: newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
Page 71 and 72: 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
Page 73 and 74: Table 2 Potential small hydropower
Page 75 and 76: 1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
Page 77 and 78: the challenge remains as to whether
Page 79 and 80: Francis turbine. Project commission
Page 81 and 82: 1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
Page 83 and 84: 1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
Page 85 and 86: out according to social, economic a
Page 87 and 88: avaged by vandals for parts and cop
Page 89 and 90: 1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
Page 91 and 92: 1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
Page 93 and 94: 1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
Page 95 and 96: 1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
Page 97 and 98: 1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
Page 99 and 100: 1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
Page 101 and 102: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 103 and 104: SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
Page 105 and 106: 16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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