WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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potential of 28,000 GWh, of which 5,000 GWh is the technically feasible potential. Another boost to the small hydropower sector in Azerbaijan was given when the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Government of Finland funded and technically assisted in the preparation of the Renewable Energy Development Project (December 2005). It confirmed 21 sites as technically feasible (16 sites are under 10 MW equaling to 40.59 MW), 4 of which were most attractive having a total of 10 MW installed capacity. 6 These four sites have been considered by ADB for financing at about US$25 million, the construction time of the sites remains unconfirmed. However, it was the institutional structure and administrative barriers that were discouraging investment into this sector. The Ministry of Industry and Energy looks forward to constructing 61 small hydropower units with a total installed capacity of 350 MW until 2020. 2 The Islamic Development Bank has also expressed its interest in hydropower investment of around US$50 million- US$150 million in Azerbaijan. 2 Renewable energy policy Renewable energy policy in Azerbaijan is reflected in The State Program on Use of Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources (2005-2013) which focuses on diversifying the sources of primary energy and ensuring energy security, particularly with reference to small hydropower and wind power potential, in order to improve access of energy to rural and remote areas. Azerbaijan’s 2020 target includes a 20-per cent share of renewable-generated electricity. The main objectives of the programme include: 7 Determination of potential of renewable/alternative energy sources. Increase of energy efficiency. Creation of new employment opportunities. The Ministry of Economic Development developed The State Program on Poverty Reduction and Economic Development (SPPRED) in 2003-2005 that recognizes development of renewable energy as a means to fulfill its pursuit of sustainable development. 8 ‘unlimited purchase of energy produced at these (small) plants’ (Article 3). 4 Barriers to small hydropower development Lack of environmental priority. Legislative gaps and statistical problems. Weak institutional coordination. Resource curse- too narrow foreign direct investment, crude dependence, lack of operative decision making, clashes of interest. Sluggish technological transfer. Inadequate relationship with relevant regional and global institutions. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Washington, D.C. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/. 2. Economist Intelligence Unit (2012). Azerbaijan: Energy Report 2012. London. Available from https://store.eiu.com/product.aspx?pubid=11771149 17&pid=1187096918&gid=1177114917. 3. Azerbaijan’s power generation at hydroelectric power stations has grown (2011), ABC.az, 9 June. Available from http://abc.az/eng/news/54902.html. 4. Huseynov, Firudin (2010). Guidebook on legislation regulating small hydropower in Azerbaijan. Ministry of Industry and Energy of Azerbaijan; United Nations Development Programme. 5. United Nations Development Programme (2009). United Nations Development Programme and Ministry of Industry and Energy of Azerbaijan Republic Report: Small Hydropower Potential in Azerbaijan. 6. United Nations Development Programme (2012). Azerbaijan. Baku. Available from www.unaz.org/undp/sehife.php?lang=eng&page=021101. Accessed 27 March 2012. 7. Aliyev, F. G. (2010). Renewable Energy Sources Development in Azerbaijan: Policy to Barriers and Regional Cooperation. Presentation at the International Energy Efficiency Forum. 28-30 September. Astana. 8. Asian Development Bank (2005). Country Environmental Analysis. Azerbaijan. Metro Manila. Available from www.adb.org/documents/countryenvironmental-analysis-azerbaijan. Legislation on small hydropower There are no customized laws for renewable energy. The legal framework is built on regulations concerning the energy sector. Small hydropower effectively falls under Law on Utilization of Energy Resources (1996), Law on Electric Energy (1998), Law on Energy (1998) and Law on Electrical Power and Heating Stations (1999). These laws invoke a subsidy for the construction of small hydropower plants having capacity from 50 kW to 10 MW with a guaranteed 300
3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Whiting, International Center on Small Hydro Power Small hydro Imported electricity Medium hydro 55% Thermal 21% Key facts Large hydro investor risk. 3 Population 4,570,934 1 Area 69,700 km 2 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Climate Very diverse climate. It varies Figure 1 Electricity generation in Georgia significantly with elevation. Many of the lowland areas of Western Georgia Source: Gazadze and Shengelia 3 Note: Data from 2011. have a Mediterranean climate, relatively warm throughout the year The generation tariff for hydropower is the lowest in with average temperatures from 5 °C to the region at US$0.02/kWh, as compared favourably 12°C. In the north, Georgia is mostly to the cost of thermal energy (US$0.03/kWh), which is mountainous with the Great Caucasus high despite subsidized oil prices. 3 Mountains and in the south the Lesser Caucasus Mountains. The foothills and mountainous areas experience cool, wet summers and snowy winters. Small hydropower sector overview and potential There are 26,000 rivers in the country with a total rivers length of approximately 60,000 km. Around 360 Eastern Georgia has a transitional rivers are significant in terms of hydropower climate from humid subtropical to continental. 2 production. 2 In 2009, the untapped small hydropower potential was estimated at 5,000 GWh, while by Topography Mostly mountainous with Great definition, small hydropower (termed as unregulated) Caucasus Mountains in the north and plants have capacities of
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
Page 265 and 266: 3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
Page 267 and 268: Hydropower projects, until recently
Page 269 and 270: Renewable energy policy The Renewab
Page 271 and 272: Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
Page 273 and 274: www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
Page 275 and 276: Procurement and Construction (EPC)
Page 277 and 278: 3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
Page 279 and 280: Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
Page 281 and 282: Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
Page 283 and 284: 3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
Page 285 and 286: presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
Page 287 and 288: Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
Page 289 and 290: 3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 291 and 292: 3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
Page 293 and 294: 3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
Page 295 and 296: The International Finance Corporati
Page 297 and 298: 5. To enhance awareness on the role
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Page 301 and 302: ecent policy shift by the National
Page 303 and 304: 2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
Page 305 and 306: 3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
Page 307 and 308: Sustainable Development On the Run
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Page 311 and 312: Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
Page 313 and 314: 3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
Page 315: 3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
Page 319 and 320: Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
Page 321 and 322: The Ministry of Water Resources is
Page 323 and 324: Table 1 Small hydropower potential
Page 325 and 326: 3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
Page 327 and 328: 13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
Page 329 and 330: Small hydropower potential in Turke
Page 331 and 332: 4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
Page 333 and 334: 2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
Page 335 and 336: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 337 and 338: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 339 and 340: parameters are taken into account.
Page 341 and 342: The development of hydropower plant
Page 343 and 344: 2. European Small Hydropower Associ
Page 345 and 346: Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348: 4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
Page 349 and 350: 4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
Page 351 and 352: 11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353 and 354: Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
Page 355 and 356: References 1. Central Intelligence
Page 357 and 358: Regional overview and potential All
Page 359 and 360: 4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362: 4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
Page 363 and 364: 4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
Page 365 and 366: 4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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