WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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(15 mm) and river bed management/ naturalization of water flow. There is no support of the EU Renewable Energy Framework Directive so far for new licences or power increase of existing small hydropower plants. The Stream Map recommends investment support (subsidy) for the reactivation of thousands of small hydropower plants in former flour and saw mills as recognition of the important role of hydropower; and the establishment of standardized guidelines for the administrative handling of the permitting and licensing procedures in Germany. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/. 2. Deutscher Wetter Dienst (2011). Zahlen und Fakten zum Klima in Deutschland. Climate Press Conference by DWD on 26th of July 2011. Berlin. Available from www.dwd.de/bvbw/generator/DWDWWW/Content/Pr esse/Pressekonferenzen/2011/PK__26__07__11/ZundF __PK__20110726,templateId=raw,property=publication File.pdf/ZundF_PK_20110726.pdf Accessed December 2012. 3. Bundesnetzagentur (2012). Kraftwerksliste der Bundesnetzagentur. Available from www.bundesnetzagentur.de/cln_1931/DE/Sachgebiete/ ElektrizitaetGas/Sonderthemen/Kraftwerksliste/Veroeff Kraftwerksliste_Basepage.html Accessed November 2012. 4. Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (2012). Germany’s new energy policy heading towards 2050 with secure, affordable and environmentally sound energy. Available from www.bmwi.de. Accessed December 2012. 5. Schachtschneider, R. (2012). Promotion in Germany. RES Legal Europe. Available from www.reslegal.eu/search-by-country/germany. 6. Altmaier, P., Umweltminister (2012). Verfahrensvorschlag zur Neuregelung des Erneuerbare- Energien-Gesetzes (Minister of Environment). Available from www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/verf ahrensvorschlag_eeg-reform_2012_bf.pdf. Accessed December 2012. 398
4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hydropower Association, Stream Map Key facts Population 509,074 1 Area 2,586 km 2 Climate Modified continental with mild winters, cool summers 1 Topography Mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast 1 Rain pattern Average annual precipitation was 733.2 mm. 2 Electricity sector overview Luxembourg is a net electricity importer, which produced 3,713 GWh of electricity in 2011, mainly from thermal power plants (figure 1). Waste Gas Wasterw ater Treatment Photovoltaic Biogas Wind Cogeneration Hydro including pumping Thermal Imported Electricity 0.01% 0.07% 0.32% 0.59% 0.78% 4.78% 13.79% 24.99% 54.67% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Luxembourg Source: Institut Luxembourgeois de Régulation 3 , Statistics Portal 4 Small hydropower sector overview and potential In 2010, Luxembourg had 33 small hydropower plants and a total installed capacity of 34 MW (100 GWh). By 2020, the aim is to have 42 plants with a total installed capacity of 44 MW with a total generation of 124 GWh (figure 2). SHP installed capacity SHP potential 34 MW 44 MW 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Luxembourg Note: Potential is based on planned capacity by 2020. The identified potential for producing more hydropower energy is limited in Luxembourg due to its small country size. However, its current potential lies in: One new site on the Sauer river: 5 MW. Reactivation of 10 micro power plants. Upgrading of Seo’s power plants; Seo is the main hydropower generator (95 per cent of the installed capacity). According to My Energy and Seo, there are no plans currently to create new hydropower plants, neither to reactivate/upgrade old sites. The renewable electricity consumption will be more than four times higher in 2020 than in 2005; the growth should mainly be sourced from photovoltaic, wind and biomass. Renewable energy policy Electricity from renewable sources is mainly promoted through a feed-in tariff (FIT) as well as through subsidies. Legislation on small hydropower The residual flow is decided on a case by case basis. There are various support schemes including FIT and investment subsidies available for small hydropower. The FIT, applicable since January 2008, is higher than in the previous system and guaranteed for 15 years with an annual degression rate of 0.25 per cent since 2008. Up to 1 MW: €105/MWh (about US$136.6/MWh) From 1 MW to 6 MW: €85/MWh (about US$110.6/MWh) The investment subsidies provide a percentage of the eligible expenses which are the difference between the costs of the investment in hydropower and the costs of investment in a gas-powered station with equivalent power. The percentage of the eligible expenses varies with the size of the company, from 65 per cent to 45 per cent. The investment subsidies applicable since January 2010 are more appropriate. Barriers to small hydropower development Lacking concrete information on small hydropower potential is the main barrier for Luxembourg. The Stream Map Project recommends the Energy Agency to develop a programme to reactivate/upgrade the micro power plants which were identified in the 2007 report. A clear estimate of the practical potential for expanding hydropower production within Luxembourg is needed, therefore a comprehensive study, using a geographic information system (GIS) based computer model, should be carried out. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook: Luxembourg. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ 2. Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (2011). Statec. Le Luxembourg en chiffres 399
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
Page 363 and 364: 4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
Page 365 and 366: 4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 367 and 368: 4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370: 5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
Page 373 and 374: 4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
Page 375 and 376: 4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
Page 377 and 378: 4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
Page 379 and 380: Despite the issues which adversely
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Page 383 and 384: No. 9072 (last amended in November
Page 385 and 386: 7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
Page 387 and 388: Renewable energy policy Using renew
Page 389 and 390: development of small water currents
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Page 393 and 394: Legislation on small hydropower The
Page 395 and 396: development and construction of sma
Page 397 and 398: Licensing procedure suitable for sm
Page 399 and 400: Renewable energy policy Serbia has
Page 401 and 402: €93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
Page 403 and 404: growing difficulty to obtain the ne
Page 405 and 406: Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
Page 407 and 408: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 409 and 410: The Stream Map Project recommends t
Page 411 and 412: action. It will be also a good tool
Page 413: 4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
Page 417 and 418: 4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
Page 419 and 420: 4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
Page 421 and 422: Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
Page 423 and 424: For New Zealand, the remaining pote
Page 425 and 426: Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
Page 427 and 428: 5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
Page 429 and 430: 5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
Page 431 and 432: The Government of Fiji developed a
Page 433 and 434: Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
Page 435 and 436: 5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
Page 437 and 438: 5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
Page 439 and 440: 5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
Page 441 and 442: organizations and foreign governmen
Page 443 and 444: Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
Page 445 and 446: In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
Page 447 and 448: Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
Page 449 and 450: 5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
Page 451 and 452: List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
Page 453 and 454: South America 178 1 Overview of cou
Page 455 and 456: Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
Page 457 and 458: 67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
Page 459 and 460: 155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 461 and 462: 254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
Page 463 and 464: 347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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