WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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4.3 Southern Europe European Small Hydropower Association, Stream Map Introduction to the region Southern Europe comprises 16 territories or countries. Five of these countries do not use small hydropower (i.e. Andorra, Gibraltar, Holy See, Malta and San Marino). Eleven countries use small hydropower, including six European Union (EU) Member States (Croatia i , Greece, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain) and two candidate countries i.e. Serbia and Macedonia (table 1). The dominant climate in Southern Europe is continental and temperate, with a maritime climate on the western coasts and a Mediterranean climate in the South. Table 1 Overview of countries in Southern Europe Country Population (million) Rural population (%) Electricity access (%) Electrical capacity (MW) Electricity generation (GWh/year) Hydropower capacity (MW)) Hydropower generation (GWh/year) Albania ab 3.002 52 .. 1 553 7 555 1 461 5 300 Bosnia & 3.879 .. .. 4 300 14 050 2 380 6 200 Herzegovina ac Croatia a 4.48 42 .. 3 984 14 670 2 118 7 677 Greece a 10.767 39 100 15 397 51 993 3 018 6 004 Italy a 61.261 32 100 111 000 288 900 17 800 45 511 The former Yugoslav 2.060 .. .. 1 508 6 390 528 2 185 Republic of Macedonia a Montenegro a 0.645 .. .. 867 2 679 658 2 749 Portugal ad 10.781 39 100 17 920 54 048 4 988 16 248 Serbia a 7.292 48 .. 8 355 35 900 2 820 12 471 Slovenia a 1.996 50 .. 3 046 13 000 846 3 511 Spain a 47.042 100 94 966 275 100 18 559 22 888 Total 153.205 - - 262 896 764 285 55 176 130 744 Sources: a. International Journal on Hydropower and Dams 1 b. Albanian Energy Regulator 2 c. State Electricity Regulatory Commission 3 d. Statistics Portugal 4 Small hydropower definition Various small hydropower definitions are applied in Southern Europe (table 2). Table 2 Classification of small hydropower in Southern Europe Country Small Mini Micro (MW) (MW) (kW) Albania .. .. .. Bosnia & a Herzegovina >5 up to 5 Croatia b up to 10 Greece c up to 15 Italy 1-3 0.1-1.0 up to 100 The former Yugoslav up to 5 Republic of Macedonia Montenegro d up to 10 Portugal e up to 10 Serbia f up to 10 Slovenia g up to 10 Spain c up to 10 Sources: a. Foreign Investment Promotion Agency 5 b. Berakovic 6 c. ESHA SHERPA 7 d. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 8 e. ESHA Stream Map 9 f. Serbia Energy 10 The Albanian Government strongly promotes the use of renewable energy and is currently in the drafting stage of new renewable energy laws. In addition to the governmental support, the country is also rich in river resources, giving rise to a substantial small hydro potential. Bosnia and Herzegovina do not have an authority responsible for the renewable energy sector. However, hydropower development has been underway with both large- and small- hydropower plants in operation. Awareness of renewable energy in Croatia is at an upward incline, coupled with the Government’s strategic objective to increase the use of renewable energy. At present, the energy supply in Croatia is based on the hydrocarbon reservoirs available within the area. Italy and Spain, followed by Greece, have the highest potential for small hydropower in Southern Europe. Due to amplified legislations and a lack of funding at the present economic downturn, the implementation of small hydropower is experiencing a downward trend. Hydropower is Italy’s second largest source of energy, with legislation and agencies in place to oversee the sector. In fact Italy currently has higher popularity for small rather than large hydropower plants. Macedonia relies on the use of lignite where its diminishing g. Platform Management in the Alps 11 Regional overview and potential 364
characteristic has provided the Government with an incentive to diversify into renewable energies. Initially, the use of small hydropower was welcomed, however, later there was a shift in favour of larger hydropower plants. Montenegro is aiming to effectively utilize its potential with small hydro plants already in the planning. Overall Southern Europe has embraced the use of small hydropower, however most of these countries face individual barriers to fully develop their potential resources. The installed small hydropower capacity in Southern Europe is about 5,625 MW. The small hydropower potential is at a minimum of 12,239 MW. The small hydropower potential of Albania and Croatia are not yet known, in most cases the planned capacity was used to determine the potential. Italy has the highest installed capacity, followed by Spain. Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 MW in Southern Europe Country Potential (MW) Planned (MW) Installed capacity (MW) Annual generation (GWh) Albania a at least 37 .. 37 .. Bosnia & Herzegovina 1 000 .. 36 134 Croatia a at least 40 .. 40 141 Greece 2 000 155 195 735 Italy 7 066 1 165 2 735 10 958 The former Yugloslav Rep. of Macedonia a 250 .. 45 160 Montenegro a 240 231 9 21 Portugal a 750 300 450 1 370 Serbia 409 .. 50 294 Slovenia a 192 75 117 558 Spain a 2 185 259 1 926 4 719 Total 12 239 2 185 5 625 19 090 Source: See country reports and Stream Map Note: a. The potential was not available, therefore the known installed capacity or installed and planned capacity was used instead. The Stream Map was co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Commission. It aimed to define a clear and consistent roadmap in Europe for the small hydropower sector. It was completed in 2012. Stream Map reveals that during the last 10 years, new small hydropower potentials have been reduced through environmental legislation related to designated areas, such as Natura 2000, the EU Water Framework Directive, among others. The mitigation measures required have added to the costs of electricity generation, reducing the economic attractiveness of small hydropower. References 1. International Journal on Hydropower and Dams (2011). World Atlas and Industry Guide 2011. Surrey, UK: Aquamedia International 2. Albanian Energy Regulator (2012). Albania Key Statistics (2011).Electricity Regulator Regional Association Available from www.erranet.org/AboutUs/Members/Profiles/Albania . Accessed December 2012. 3. Bosnia and Hergegovina, State Electricity Regulatory Commission (2011). Report on Activities of the State Electricity Regulatory Commission in 2011. 4. Statistics Portugal (2012). Gross production of electricity (kWh) by Geographic localization (NUTS - 2002) and Type of electricity production:Annual. Available from www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indic adores&indOcorrCod=0002106&contexto=bd&selTab =tab2 Accessed December 2012. 5. Foreign Investment Agency (2011). Bosnia and Herzogowina Energy Sector. Available from http://fipa.gov.ba/doc/brosure/Energy%20sector.pdf 6. Beraković, B., Pavlin, Ž., Štefanac, S. (2009). Small Hydro–A Part of Water Management. Available from http://wmhe.gf.ukim.edu.mk/Downloads/PapersTopic 3/A09-Berakovic-Pavlin-Stefanac.pdf. 7. European Small Hydropower Association (2008). Small Hydropower Energy Efficiency Campaign Action: Strategic Study for the Development of Small Hydro Power in the European Union. 8. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2010). Policy/Regulatory: Montenegrin Energy Law. European Bank of Reconstruction and Development. Available from http://ebrdrenewables.com/sites/renew/Lists/PolicyR egulatory/DispForm1.aspx?ID=179&Source=http%3A %2F%2Febrdrenewables.com%2Fsites%2Frenew%2Fc ountries%2FMontenegro%2Fdefault.aspx. 9. European Small Hydropower Association and Intelligent Energy Europe (2012). Stream Map for Small Hydropower in the EU-27 in the view of the 2020 targets. Available from www.streammap.esha.be/. 10. Serbia Energy (2007). Small Hydro Power Plants. Available from http://serbia-energy.com/ index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67 &Itemid=77. 11. Platform Management in the Alps (2011). Situation Report on Hydropower Generation in the Alpine Region Focusing on Small Hydropower. Permanent Secretariat of the Alpine Convention, Bolzano, Italy. Note i. Croatia joined the European Union on 1 July 2013. 365
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
Page 329 and 330: Small hydropower potential in Turke
Page 331 and 332: 4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
Page 333 and 334: 2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
Page 335 and 336: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 339 and 340: parameters are taken into account.
Page 341 and 342: The development of hydropower plant
Page 343 and 344: 2. European Small Hydropower Associ
Page 345 and 346: Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348: 4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
Page 349 and 350: 4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
Page 351 and 352: 11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353 and 354: Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
Page 355 and 356: References 1. Central Intelligence
Page 357 and 358: Regional overview and potential All
Page 359 and 360: 4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362: 4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
Page 363 and 364: 4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
Page 365 and 366: 4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 367 and 368: 4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370: 5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
Page 373 and 374: 4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
Page 375 and 376: 4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
Page 377 and 378: 4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
Page 379: Despite the issues which adversely
Page 383 and 384: No. 9072 (last amended in November
Page 385 and 386: 7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
Page 387 and 388: Renewable energy policy Using renew
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Page 393 and 394: Legislation on small hydropower The
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Page 397 and 398: Licensing procedure suitable for sm
Page 399 and 400: Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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Page 403 and 404: growing difficulty to obtain the ne
Page 405 and 406: Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
Page 409 and 410: The Stream Map Project recommends t
Page 411 and 412: action. It will be also a good tool
Page 413 and 414: 4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
Page 415 and 416: 4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
Page 417 and 418: 4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
Page 419 and 420: 4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
Page 421 and 422: Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
Page 423 and 424: For New Zealand, the remaining pote
Page 425 and 426: Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
Page 427 and 428: 5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
Page 429 and 430: 5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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