WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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in place for allocation of sites to developers, this also creates a barrier. It is therefore, recommended to carry out a comprehensive study, using a geographic based information system (GIS) based computer model in order to provide a clear estimate of the practical potential for expanding hydropower production, including small hydropower within the Netherlands. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/. 2. Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (2012). Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut Annual <strong>Report</strong> 2011 – Delivering all year around. 3. Netherlands, Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (2012). Electricity production by energy source. The Hague/Heerlen, The Netherlands. Available from www.cbs.nl/infoservice. Accessed December 2012. 4. The Netherlands, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (2011). Energy <strong>Report</strong> 2011. The Hague. June. 402
4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Skat Consulting, Switzerland Key facts Population 7,925,517 Area 41,277 km 2 Climate Temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers 1 Topography Mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes Rain pattern Along the northern Prealps and Alps, as well as in the South, average annual precipitation is about 2,000 mm, which contrasts with the Valais region (between 500 mm- 600 mm) and the Engadin region (between 600 mm - 700 mm). In the lowlands north of the Alps, the average amount is between 1,000 mm and 1,500 mm. Apart from the Valais region, the amount of rainfall in summer is approximately twice as large as that in winter. 2 Electricity sector overview In 2011, the total production of electricity in Switzerland was 63,723 GWh. Swiss electricity production is dominated by hydropower (half of it is produced by storage power plants) and nuclear energy which accounts for 39 per cent (figure 1). Switzerland is a transit country for electricity, in 2011, it imported 79,589 GWh and exported 77,156 GWh. 3 Wind 0.12% Biogas 0.21% Sun 0.25% Biomass 0.40% Waste 1.68% Non-Renew able 45.50% Hydropow er 51.90% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Switzerland Source: Bundesamt für Energie 3 Small hydropower sector overview and potential Currently, over 1,100 small hydropower plants produce about 3.6 TWh each year. About 800 GWh are produced annually in power plants with an output of less than 1 MW (about 950 power plants) and 270 GWh from plants with an output of less than 300 kW (about 750 power plants). Small hydropower plants are owned by utilities, private companies or individuals. The regulation guarantees that the full (renewable energy) production of Independent Power Producers (IPP) has to be absorbed by the national grid. Details about small hydropower plants with a capacity of more than 300 kW can be found in the Swiss Hydropower Statistics. 7 Detailed statistical data of smaller power plants is not available but is based on market observation and a study from the 1980s. SHP installed capacity SHP potential n/a 760 MW 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Switzerland Source: Swiss Federal Office of Energy 6 Most of the large hydropower potential has been developed. Today, the potential of small hydropower is even higher than the remaining one for large hydropower stations. 7 The remaining small hydropower potential is estimated to be 4.3 TWh/year, divided into: Rehabilitation und upgrading of existing power plants: about additional 2.4 TWh/year New constructions, taking into consideration sustainability aspects: additional 1.9 TWh/year Around 100 years ago, nearly 7,000 mills, waterwheels or small turbines were in operation, some of which generated electricity while others were intended for mechanical uses. Due to insufficient viability and competition with lower production costs of large power plants the majority of these facilities were subsequently closed down. But since the 1990s, small hydropower plants have come back into favour again thanks to its Federal Government’s action programmes aimed at promoting renewable energy. The main objective of the small hydropower programme by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy is to costeffectively develop the existing expansion potential of small-scale plants with an output up to 1 MW by directly and indirectly promoting corresponding projects. Renewable energy policy On 31 January 2001, Energy Minister Moritz Leuenberger launched the Swiss Energy programme on the basis of the Energy Act and CO 2 Act, referring to it as ‘a platform for an intelligent energy policy’. The main strength of this programme aimed at promoting energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy lies in close co-operation between the Federal Government, the cantons and municipalities, and numerous partners from trade and industry, environmental and consumer 403
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 367 and 368: 4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370: 5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
Page 373 and 374: 4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
Page 375 and 376: 4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
Page 377 and 378: 4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
Page 379 and 380: Despite the issues which adversely
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Page 385 and 386: 7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
Page 387 and 388: Renewable energy policy Using renew
Page 389 and 390: development of small water currents
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Page 393 and 394: Legislation on small hydropower The
Page 395 and 396: development and construction of sma
Page 397 and 398: Licensing procedure suitable for sm
Page 399 and 400: Renewable energy policy Serbia has
Page 401 and 402: €93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
Page 403 and 404: growing difficulty to obtain the ne
Page 405 and 406: Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
Page 407 and 408: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 409 and 410: The Stream Map Project recommends t
Page 411 and 412: action. It will be also a good tool
Page 413 and 414: 4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
Page 415 and 416: 4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
Page 417: 4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
Page 421 and 422: Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
Page 423 and 424: For New Zealand, the remaining pote
Page 425 and 426: Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
Page 427 and 428: 5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
Page 429 and 430: 5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
Page 431 and 432: The Government of Fiji developed a
Page 433 and 434: Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
Page 435 and 436: 5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
Page 437 and 438: 5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
Page 439 and 440: 5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
Page 441 and 442: organizations and foreign governmen
Page 443 and 444: Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
Page 445 and 446: In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
Page 447 and 448: Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
Page 449 and 450: 5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
Page 451 and 452: List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
Page 453 and 454: South America 178 1 Overview of cou
Page 455 and 456: Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
Page 457 and 458: 67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
Page 459 and 460: 155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 461 and 462: 254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
Page 463 and 464: 347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 465 and 466: 431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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