WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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2.2.5 Honduras Lara Esser and Laxmi Aggarwal, International Center on Small Hydro Power Key facts Population 8,296,693 1 Area 112,090 km 2 Climate Subtropical in the lowlands and temperate in the mountain areas 1 Topography Mostly mountains in interior; narrow coastal plains. Highest point: Cerro las Minas, 2,870 m 1 Rain pattern Average annual rainfall: 1,470 mm. Rainy season from May to November, with regional variations. 2 Hurricanes and floods are common along the Caribbean coast Electricity sector overview The national (government-owned) electric power company, Empresa Nacional de Energia Electrica (ENEE) is in charge of generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy, in accordance with Article 9 of the Law (Ley Marco del Sub sector Eléctrico and Article 13 of the corresponding Bylaw) and the Expansion Plan 2008-2022. Forty six per cent of electricity is generated from hydropower (figure 1). Natural gas Coal Co-generation Hydropower Diesel 0.18% 0.69% 2% Table 1 Small hydropower projects under the Clean Development Mechanism in Honduras Name Installed capacity (MW) Generation (GWh/year) Type 46% 51% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Honduras Source: Climate Investment Fund 3 Grid coverage jumped from 39.1 per cent in 1990 to 81.3 per cent in 2010, making it close to 100 per cent in urban areas and 63.4 per cent in rural areas. However, the remaining 26.6 per cent of rural households still have no access to basic electricity services because they are scattered in low-density areas and it is expensive to connect them to the grid. 3 Small hydropower sector overview and potential There are 14 small hydropower plants in operation with a total capacity of 54.1 MW (figure 2). Seven new plants are in the initial phase of planning (with a total capacity of 12.5 MW) and another 26 are at bidding stage (with a total capacity of 84.4 MW). Therefore, once all of these investments are commissioned, the total small hydropower capacity in Honduras will be 92.6 MW. 4 The Scaling-up Renewable Energy Programme in Low-Income countries (SREP) Investment <strong>Report</strong> mentions that there are only 11 privately-owned small hydropower plants with a total capacity of 37 MW. The SREP Investment Plan for Honduras reports that small hydropower potential accounts for approximately 385 MW. 3 Remarks Rio Blanco 5.00 32.00 Run-of river Operating since 2004, CDM registered in January 2005 Cececapa 2.86 14.90 Run-of river Provides electricity to local grid. Operating since 2005 Yojoa 0.63 2.99 Run-of river Electricity to local village. Operating since September 2005 Zacapa 0.52 2.76 Electricity to local grid. March 2006 SHP installed capacity 54.1 MW small hydropower, biomass and geothermal generation. 5 SHP potential 385 MW 0 150 300 450 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Honduras Sources: Climate Investment Fund 3 , International Journal on Hydropower and Dams 4 Between 2010 and 2011, Honduras experienced peak clean energy investments of US$468.5 million, dedicated mainly to small hydropower (defined as up to 50 MW) and wind generation. 5 In addition to high levels of investment, small hydropower also had the chance to benefit from the first renewable energy tender, conducted in 2010, and consisted of 20 to 30 years of contracts for 250 MW capacity relating to Renewable energy policy The 1998 Legal Framework and Reforms of the Energy Sector Law and its Incentives Law for Renewable Energy Generation have provided incentives for the development of renewable energy coupled with Decrees No. 85-89 and No. 267-98. It promotes implementation of renewable energy plants via mechanisms such as tax breaks or tariffs equivalent to short-term marginal costs experienced by the system. 6 In 2007, the Honduran Government issued Decree No.70-2007 (the Law to Promoting Electricity Generation by Renewable Resources), implementing a preferential tax policy and a preferential sales policy for natural and juridical persons who develop and 168
operate renewable energy projects according to the Act 81 of the Environment General Law. 7 It grants additional benefits such as tax exemptions in the forms of import duty and income tax, and improvements in Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) signed with ENEE to operators who generate electricity from renewable resources,. 3 In 2010, ENEE held a public bidding process for the first time, allowing bidders to purchase electricity from renewable energy sources. Honduras was one of the six Latin American countries to do so. 3 Forty-eight projects were awarded PPAs for a total of 108 MW of renewable energy and an estimated investment of about US$2.5 billion. 8 With all these initiatives, the Government of Honduras intends to reverse the structure of the electricity sector by 2022 to a ratio of 60 per cent renewable and 40 per cent fossil fuel, thus complying with the provisions of the Country Vision and National Plan Law constituted into State Policy by Decree No. 286-2009. 3 Legislation on small hydropower Following the energy crisis of 1994, the Government of Honduras negotiated with the European Commission (EC) in order to promote electricity generation from renewable sources and to encourage energy conservation. In January 1996, a financing agreement was established between the EC and the national electricity utility ENEE. After an initial two-year project, the EC donated €250,000 to create a revolving fund called Fondo de Preinversión Hidroeléctrica that grants loans to the private sector. Since 1999, this ENEE Pre-investment Fund has helped finance feasibility studies for small hydropower plants of installed capacity up to 5 MW. 9 Barriers to small hydropower development The equity capacity by private investors in Honduras is concentrated in the larger, fossil-fuel-fired energy projects. It is not common for domestic commercial banks to provide equity to renewable energy projects. Market research indicates that given sound fundamentals (technical viability of project, good contracts, positive and adequate technical studies, competent sponsors) and a resulting reasonably low risk expectation, there are abundant international equity investors and sovereign investors that would be interested in providing equity to renewable energy projects in Honduras. 3 Scaling-Up Renewable Energy in Low-Income Countries (SREP) Agenda Item 6: Investment Plan for Honduras. Paper presented at Meeting of the SREP Sub-Committee. Washington D.C., 1 November. 4. International Journal on Hydropower and Dams (2011). World Atlas and Industry Guide 2011. Surrey: AquaMedia International. 5. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and Multilateral Investment Fund (2012). Climatescope 2012: Assessing the Climate for Climate Investing in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York. Available from www5.iadb.org/mif/Climatescope/2012/img/content/ pdfs/eng/Climatescope2012-report.pdf. 6. Johnson, Amanda and Meisen, Peter (2012). Achieving 100% Reliance on Renewable Energy for Electricity Generation in Central America. Global Energy Network Institute. San Diego. Available from www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/renewable-ener gy-transmission-central-america/Central%20America% 20Renewable%20Energy%20Resources.pdf. 7. Government of Honduras (2007). Decreto No.70-2007, Ley de Promocion a la Generacion de Energia Electrica Con Recursos Renovales. La Gaceta, 2 October. Available from www.tsc.gob.hn/leyes/Ley%20de%20Promocion%20a %20la%20Generacion%20de%20Energia%20Electrica% 20con%20Recursos%20Renovables.pdf. 8. Figueroa Rivera and Miguel Ángel (2011). Marco Legal de Energía Renovable en Honduras y Perspectivas de Desarrollo. Presentation to the XV Reunión Anual Iberoamericana de Reguladores de la Energía. Santo Domingo, 6-8 April. Available from www.naruc.org/international/Documents/HONDURAS %20-%20Figueroa%20SPANISH%20rev.pdf. 9. Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica (2011). Plan de Expansión De Generación. Honduras. Available from www.enee.hn/planificacion/plan_exp_2008_2022.pdf ?rand=1350059800948&trust=232961737&format=0. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook. 2. Servicio Meteorológico Nacional de Honduras (2012). Homepage. Tegucigalpa. Available from www.smn.gob.hn/. Accessed December 2012. 3. Climate Investment Fund (2011). Programme on 169
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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Page 137 and 138: enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
Page 139 and 140: Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
Page 141 and 142: 1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
Page 143 and 144: 1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
Page 145 and 146: 1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
Page 147 and 148: 3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
Page 149 and 150: The only small hydropower station i
Page 151 and 152: 1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
Page 153 and 154: 2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
Page 155 and 156: potential for small hydropower prov
Page 157 and 158: 2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
Page 159 and 160: 2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
Page 161 and 162: 2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
Page 163 and 164: 2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
Page 165 and 166: Immediate key initiatives for the f
Page 167 and 168: kW but less than 15 MW are consider
Page 169 and 170: Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
Page 171 and 172: 2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
Page 173 and 174: Renewable energy policy In February
Page 175 and 176: Table 2 Classification of small hyd
Page 177 and 178: 2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
Page 179 and 180: sector and rural communities will b
Page 181 and 182: 1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
Page 183: years of commercial operation). In
Page 187 and 188: Since then, several values close to
Page 189 and 190: addition to long period of contract
Page 191 and 192: institutions portray a robust syste
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Page 195 and 196: een lowered in this region. One of
Page 197 and 198: The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
Page 199 and 200: y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
Page 201 and 202: provide not only labor, but local m
Page 203 and 204: 2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
Page 205 and 206: https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
Page 207 and 208: Electrification with Renewable Ener
Page 209 and 210: 2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
Page 211 and 212: grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
Page 213 and 214: The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
Page 215 and 216: 2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
Page 217 and 218: 2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
Page 219 and 220: In addition, Peru has a clean energ
Page 221 and 222: In accordance with the requirements
Page 223 and 224: Information on the total installed
Page 225 and 226: 2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
Page 227 and 228: Table 4 Small hydropower potential
Page 229 and 230: 2.4.2 United States of America Lara
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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