WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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2.3.6 Ecuador Marcela Portaluppi, Corporación Nacional de Energía, Ecuador; Oscar Antepara and Alfredo Barriga, ESPOL Key facts Population 115,223 680 1 Area 256,370 km 2 Climate Tropical along coast and in Galapagos, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands 1 Topography Four defined regions: the Amazon, the Highlands, the Coast, and the Galapagos Islands (highest point: Chimborazo 6,267 m) Rain pattern Variable, depending on location and elevation, ranging between 300 mm in the south coast and 5,000 mm in the Amazon basin 3 Electricity sector overview The effective electricity generation capacity in Ecuador reached 5,090 MW in July 2012. In 2011, 20,544 GWh were generated (excluding electricity imports from Colombia and Peru). According to the 2010 country census, 93.1 per cent of the households in Ecuador have access to electricity services provided by one of the 20 electricity distribution companies. 4 The Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MEER) is the Government entity in charge of the national policy regarding the electricity supply. 57.41% Ecuador’s electricity is generated mostly by hydropower and fossil fuels (natural gas, coal, fuel and diesel). Figure 1 depicts the gross electricity generation for 2011, as published by the Ecuadorian National Electricity Council (Consejo Nacional de Wind 0.0007% Solar (PV) 0.01% Thermal (sugar cane bagasse) 1.22% Thermal (gas) 8.72% Thermal (other fossil fuels) 10.86% Internal combustion engines 21.79% Hydro Electricidad, CONELEC). 4 0% 20% 40% 60% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Ecuador Source: Consejo Nacional de Electricidad 4 The hydrological system of Ecuador is highly influenced by the Andean mountain chain that crosses the country from north to south. The Andes divide the country into two slopes - one ranging from the top of the mountains to the Pacific Ocean (Western region) and one leading towards the Amazon jungle, (Eastern region). The western region holds 24 basins, which represent 48 per cent of Ecuadorian territory, and the eastern region holds seven basins, which represent 52 per cent of the country territory. The former Ecuadorian Institute of Electrification (INECEL) conducted in-depth studies on the vast hydropower potential of the country during the 1970s and the 1980s. Small hydropower projects of less than 5 MW have been on hold recently due to official preference for large hydropower; nevertheless, the present report will try to evaluate the current status of these projects, and ascertain their possibilities and prospective implementations. Small hydropower sector overview and potential Small hydropower projects (with capacities up to 10 MW) in operation in Ecuador amount to a cumulative nominal power of 76.54 MW, 74 per cent of which are owned by the Government and 26 per cent are owned by private companies. 5 The total electricity produced by small hydropower in 2010 was about 308.02 GWh. 5 The small hydropower potential in Ecuador has been identified by various governmental institutions and in various publications since 1997. The remaining small hydropower potential (for capacities up to 10 MW) is around 306 MW and encompasses only those projects to be installed (economically or technically feasible) (figure 2). SHP installed capacity (up to 10 MW) SHP potential (up to 10 MW) SHP installed capacity (up to 20 MW) SHP potential (up to 20 MW) 76.54 MW 146 MW 383 MW 838 MW 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Ecuador Until the national grid was built and came into operation, there were many small hydropower generation projects that provided electricity to the nearest communities (during the 1960s, 1970s and into the 1980s). Once the national interconnected grid was operational and many of those communities were connected to a network that provided a better service, the small hydropower plants were gradually abandoned. 6 The Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy of Ecuador and the Association of Mechanical Engineers from the Pichincha province developed an inventory of all these projects in 2008 and evaluated the possibility of recovering them. A total of, then old, small hydropower projects with a cumulative installed capacity of 8.72 MW were considered eligible for restoration. 7 Renewable energy policy 196
The Constitution of Ecuador, approved by the Ecuadorian people in 2008: 4 Chapter I. Art. 3. - To protect the natural and cultural assets of the Country. Section II. Art. 15. - The Government will promote the use of clean and alternatives technologies in the public and private sector. The energy independence shall not compromise the food independence or the right of the people to water. Regulations No. 004/011 issued by the CONELEC, specifying the requirements for renewable energy projects, the prices of the energy depending on the source, the time period during which the prices will be valid, and the preferential dispatch to the grid (table) Energy prices in Ecuador (US dollar cent/kWh) Type of plants Continental territory Galapagos Island Wind 9.13 10.04 Solar 40.03 44.03 Biomass or Biogas 5MW 9.60 10.56 Geothermic 13.21 14.53 Hydro 10MW, 30,
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
Page 161 and 162: 2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
Page 163 and 164: 2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
Page 165 and 166: Immediate key initiatives for the f
Page 167 and 168: kW but less than 15 MW are consider
Page 169 and 170: Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
Page 171 and 172: 2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
Page 173 and 174: Renewable energy policy In February
Page 175 and 176: Table 2 Classification of small hyd
Page 177 and 178: 2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
Page 179 and 180: sector and rural communities will b
Page 181 and 182: 1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
Page 183 and 184: years of commercial operation). In
Page 185 and 186: operate renewable energy projects a
Page 187 and 188: Since then, several values close to
Page 189 and 190: addition to long period of contract
Page 191 and 192: institutions portray a robust syste
Page 193 and 194: exemption from distribution and tra
Page 195 and 196: een lowered in this region. One of
Page 197 and 198: The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
Page 199 and 200: y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
Page 201 and 202: provide not only labor, but local m
Page 203 and 204: 2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
Page 205 and 206: https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
Page 207 and 208: Electrification with Renewable Ener
Page 209 and 210: 2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
Page 211: grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
Page 215 and 216: 2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
Page 217 and 218: 2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
Page 219 and 220: In addition, Peru has a clean energ
Page 221 and 222: In accordance with the requirements
Page 223 and 224: Information on the total installed
Page 225 and 226: 2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
Page 227 and 228: Table 4 Small hydropower potential
Page 229 and 230: 2.4.2 United States of America Lara
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
Page 233 and 234: involving certain low-impact situat
Page 235 and 236: which hydropower plants under 30 MW
Page 237 and 238: share of total energy balance by 20
Page 239 and 240: 2. World Meteorological Organizatio
Page 241 and 242: SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
Page 243 and 244: 3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
Page 245 and 246: 3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
Page 247 and 248: Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
Page 249 and 250: In addition to the investment made
Page 251 and 252: 3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
Page 253 and 254: to release sediment from dams, it i
Page 255 and 256: infrastructure and of the transmiss
Page 257 and 258: 3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
Page 259 and 260: 3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
Page 261 and 262: 3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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