WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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10. Malawi, Government (2009). Concept Paper for the Energy Sector 2011-2016: Millennium Challenge Account. Malawi Country Office. Lilongwe. 11. Malawi, Ministry of Energy and Mining (2003). National Energy Policy. January. Lilongwe. 34
1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, International Center on Small Hydro Power Key facts Population 1,313,095 1 Area 2.040 km 2 . Climate Tropical, with warm, dry winters (May to November) and hot, wet, humid summers (November to May) Topography Small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central plateau 1 Rain Pattern Long term mean annual rainfall (1971- 2000) over the Island is 2,010 mm. Wettest months: February and March. Driest month: October. Mean summer rainfall is 1,344 mm, which is 67% of the annual amount over the Island. Mean winter rainfall is 666 mm. Although there is no marked rainy season, most of the rainfall occurs in summer months. 2 Electricity sector overview Electrification rate in Mauritius is 99.4 per cent: 100 per cent in urban areas and 99 per cent in rural areas. 3 Its total installed electricity generation capacity was 740.2 MW in 2010 (annual generation 2688.7 GWh/ year). 3 The annual electricity generation from hydropower was 100.7 GWh/year. 3 Installed hydropower generation capacity is 59 MW (two large and six small hydropower plants). 3 Mauritius’s electricity is produced by the Central Electricity Board (CEB) and independent power producers (IPPs). In 2008, IPPs contributed 52.27 per cent of the electricity based on thermal sources (i.e. coal and bagasse) which dominate the Mauritian electricity Hydropower 5.38% Thermal fuel oil and kerosene 40.59% generation (figure1). 4 54.03% Bagasse and coal 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Mauritius Source: Central Electricity Board 4 Note: Data from 2008. Small hydropower sector overview and potential The classification of small hydropower in Mauritius is quite different from the generally accepted 10-MW capacity value, defining small hydropower up to 50 kW only. In light of the 10-MW small hydropower definitions, there were only six small hydropower plants in Mauritius in 2010 with a combined capacity of 8.7 MW, which produced 15.2 GWh/year (figure 2). On average the small hydropower plants are over 45 years, in 2008 two of the plants were fully refurbished. One plant was commissioned in 2010 and five of the plants are more than 50 years old. 3 SHP installed capacity SHP potential 8.7 MW 9.5 MW 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9 9.2 9.4 9.6 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Mauritius Source: Mauritius, Ministry of Energy and Public Utilities 3 The large scale hydropower potential of the country has been almost fully tapped. Nevertheless, the Government’s long-term strategy encourages the set-up of mini hydropower schemes where economically viable. Additional small hydropower capacity is to be completed by 2015 including one unit at Midlands Dam (0.375 MW) and one unit at the Bagatelle Dam (0.375 MW). 3 Renewable energy policy The Mauritian Government aims to have a 24-per cent share of total electricity production from renewable energy sources by 2015, 28 per cent by 2020 and 35 per cent by 2025. Small hydropower should have a share of 3 per cent by 2020 and 2 per cent by 2025. 3 Legislation on small hydropower All power-generation projects are subject to an environmental impact assessment (EIA). However, for hydropower projects with capacity up to 50 kW, an EIA waiver may be sought in writing from the EIA department of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development. 3 Feed-in tariffs (FIT) subsidized by the Government under the Small Scale Distributed Generation (SSDG) scheme support the development of small hydropower. The Small Scale Distributed Generation (SSDG) scheme was launched in December 2010 to provide an incentive for electricity generation for personal consumption via renewable resources for a total capacity of 2 MW. This target was met in May 2011 thus encouraging the second phase of the SSDG project under which FITs for a further 1 MW were allocated specifically in <strong>2013</strong>: 5 35
Page 1: World Small Hydropower Development
Page 5 and 6: Published in 2013 by United Nations
Page 7 and 8: in the World Small Hydropower Devel
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
Page 11 and 12: JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
Page 13 and 14: 86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
Page 15 and 16: 301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
Page 19 and 20: electrification, building micro-hyd
Page 21 and 22: potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
Page 23 and 24: A range of barriers exist in Southe
Page 25 and 26: The Renewable Energy Directive has
Page 27 and 28: The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
Page 29 and 30: Introduction A world-first assessme
Page 31 and 32: Small hydropower definition Countri
Page 33 and 34: 12. United Nations Environment Prog
Page 35 and 36: small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
Page 37 and 38: 1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 39 and 40: potential developers, since their p
Page 41 and 42: Notes: Listed are only operational
Page 43 and 44: Financial institutions are not will
Page 45 and 46: Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 47 and 48: 10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
Page 49: the district of Mulanje. The Agency
Page 53 and 54: 1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
Page 55 and 56: with local entrepreneurs to extend
Page 57 and 58: 1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
Page 59 and 60: 1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
Page 61 and 62: Different donor agencies have assis
Page 63 and 64: 1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
Page 65 and 66: 5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
Page 67 and 68: Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 69 and 70: newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
Page 71 and 72: 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
Page 73 and 74: Table 2 Potential small hydropower
Page 75 and 76: 1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
Page 77 and 78: the challenge remains as to whether
Page 79 and 80: Francis turbine. Project commission
Page 81 and 82: 1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
Page 83 and 84: 1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
Page 85 and 86: out according to social, economic a
Page 87 and 88: avaged by vandals for parts and cop
Page 89 and 90: 1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
Page 91 and 92: 1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
Page 93 and 94: 1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
Page 95 and 96: 1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
Page 97 and 98: 1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
Page 99 and 100: 1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
Page 101 and 102:
Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
Page 105 and 106:
16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
Page 109 and 110:
Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
Page 111 and 112:
1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
Page 113 and 114:
1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
Page 115 and 116:
and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
Page 117 and 118:
oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
Page 123 and 124:
Integrated resource plan for electr
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
Page 129 and 130:
Trust funds for renewable energy te
Page 131 and 132:
According to a 2010 analysis for in
Page 133 and 134:
consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
Page 139 and 140:
Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
Page 141 and 142:
1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
Page 143 and 144:
1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
Page 145 and 146:
1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
Page 147 and 148:
3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
Page 161 and 162:
2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
Page 165 and 166:
Immediate key initiatives for the f
Page 167 and 168:
kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
Page 175 and 176:
Table 2 Classification of small hyd
Page 177 and 178:
2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
Page 179 and 180:
sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
Page 185 and 186:
operate renewable energy projects a
Page 187 and 188:
Since then, several values close to
Page 189 and 190:
addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
Page 197 and 198:
The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
Page 205 and 206:
https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
Page 217 and 218:
2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
Page 219 and 220:
In addition, Peru has a clean energ
Page 221 and 222:
In accordance with the requirements
Page 223 and 224:
Information on the total installed
Page 225 and 226:
2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
Page 227 and 228:
Table 4 Small hydropower potential
Page 229 and 230:
2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
Page 235 and 236:
which hydropower plants under 30 MW
Page 237 and 238:
share of total energy balance by 20
Page 239 and 240:
2. World Meteorological Organizatio
Page 241 and 242:
SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
Page 243 and 244:
3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
Page 245 and 246:
3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
Page 247 and 248:
Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
Page 249 and 250:
In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
Page 269 and 270:
Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
Page 277 and 278:
3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
Page 279 and 280:
Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
Page 313 and 314:
3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
Page 315 and 316:
3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
Page 317 and 318:
3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348:
4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353 and 354:
Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
Page 357 and 358:
Regional overview and potential All
Page 359 and 360:
4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362:
4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
Page 397 and 398:
Licensing procedure suitable for sm
Page 399 and 400:
Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
Page 459 and 460:
155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 461 and 462:
254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
Page 463 and 464:
347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 465 and 466:
431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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