WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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Renewable energy policy Under the Sixth National Development <strong>Report</strong> (2011- 2015) the strategies employed to increase the prevalence of renewable energy are as follows: 13 To promote the development and use of solar technology systems; To introduce an appropriate cost-effective renewable energy feed-in tariff; To promote the production of electricity from geothermal energy; To promote the use of biogas for cooking, lighting and electricity generation. Figure 3 Shiwangandu hydropower station in Zambia Source: Chileshe 11 The Zengamena power station is a privately-owned project with a capacity of 0.75 MW. As of 2010, the company had about 250 customers. There are plans to extend the capacity by another 0.750 MW. Being an offgrid power plant, the challenges faced by the company include complaints from customers for charging a higher tariff than those by the state utility ZESCO. 6 Figure 4 Zengamena hydropower station in Zambia Source: Chileshe 12 The Zambian Rural Electrification Authority has carried out studies and designs for the following sites, with potentials ranging up to 3 MW: Chilinga (Nyimba District), Mumbotuta (Milenge District), Chikata (Kabompo District, Mujila (Mwinilunga District and Chavuma (Chavuma District). The development of these sites is key in the electrification of remote areas where grid extension is prohibitively expensive. Some private companies have also expressed to the Government interest to develop other sites in various parts of the country. However, these expressions of interest have not yet resulted in any developments. Legislation on small hydropower The Government of Zambia has put in place a National Energy Policy of 2008 that encompasses a range of energy options, including hydropower. Among the policy measures relevant to small hydropower development adopted in the National Energy Policy are the following: Encourage the development of identified potential hydro sites; Move towards cost reflective tariffs; Adopting an open access transmission regime; Application of smart subsidy mechanisms. 10 The Government, with its appropriate institutions, is already working towards achieving some of the policy measures. Since the Energy Policy was adopted, it has supported the increment of electricity tariffs towards economic levels to encourage investment in the sector. The Government has also been working on adopting an open-access to the transmission network which is principally owned by ZESCO and Copperbelt Energy Corporation. As a first step towards this objective, a Grid Code, which is a technical document providing guidelines on how electricity industry players should interact, has been finalized and is awaiting adoption. In addition, the Government through the Energy Regulation Board has also authorized higher tariffs for Zengamena mini-hydro than those for the state utility ZESCO, given that the former is connected to an isolated mini-grid. However, the implementation of the policy measure on smart subsidies has not taken off due to the lack of financial resources. The Rural Electrification Authority did however make a small contribution towards the construction of Zengamena minihydropower station. Barriers to small hydropower development The development of small hydropower plants has been hampered by some of the following challenges: Low Electricity Tariffs: For a long time, electricity tariffs in Zambia were low due to heavy subsidies. The Government has decided to promote a gradual migration towards cost-reflective tariffs. However, 60
the challenge remains as to whether or not some of the communities where off-grid projects are developed can afford to pay the cost-reflective tariff. Accessibility: A number of potential small hydropower sites are located in areas where the road network is bad. Lack of connectivity to the national grid: Most of the sites are located far from the national grid. This poses a challenge as the generated electricity must be consumed by the surrounding communities, who may not have the capacity to absorb all the power. ork/Zambia_UNDP%20Country%20Programme%20Actio n%20Plan%202011-2015.pdf. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/. 2. Aregheore, Eroarome Martin (2009). Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles – Zambia. Samoa. Available from www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/PDF%20files /Zambia.pdf. 3. Energy Regulation Board (2006). Zambia Nation-Wide Power Blackout of June 4, 2006-<strong>Report</strong>. Lusaka. Available from www.erb.org.zm/viewpage.php?page=ndtls&nid=25. 4. Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (2012). Revision of Electricity Tariffs. Available from www.zesco.co.zm/CAAndBD/PressStatement/2012/Aug ust/Tarrifs10082012.pdf. Accessed December 2012. 5. Zambia, Ministry of Lands, Energy and Water Development (2010). Power Systems Development Master Plan. Lusaka. 6. Konga, Honorable Kenneth, former Minister of Energy and Water Development (2011). Investment in Mining and Energy. Presentation at the Zambia International Mining and Energy Conference. Lusaka, July. 7. Mfula, Chris (2012). Zambia plans talks with miners to cut power usage, 17 March. Available from af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE82G03920 120317?sp=true. 8. Chitundu, Cyprien and Kalonde Nyati (2012). Zesco to spend K3.6 trillion on assets. Zambia Daily Mail, 6 September. 9. Nyati, K. (2012). Zesco to spend K3.6 trillion on assets, infrastructure. Zambia Daily Mail, 6 September2012. Available from www.daily-mail.co.zm/?p=13264 Accessed December 2012. 10. Zambia, Ministry of Lands, Energy and Water Development (2008). National Energy Policy. Lusaka. 13. United Nations Development Programme Zambia and Government of the Republic of Zambia (2011). Country Programme Action Plan (CPAP) 2011–2015. Available from www.undp.org/content/dam/zambia/docs/legalframew 61
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
Page 25 and 26: The Renewable Energy Directive has
Page 27 and 28: The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
Page 29 and 30: Introduction A world-first assessme
Page 31 and 32: Small hydropower definition Countri
Page 33 and 34: 12. United Nations Environment Prog
Page 35 and 36: small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
Page 37 and 38: 1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 39 and 40: potential developers, since their p
Page 41 and 42: Notes: Listed are only operational
Page 43 and 44: Financial institutions are not will
Page 45 and 46: Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 47 and 48: 10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
Page 49 and 50: the district of Mulanje. The Agency
Page 51 and 52: 1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
Page 53 and 54: 1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
Page 55 and 56: with local entrepreneurs to extend
Page 57 and 58: 1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
Page 59 and 60: 1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
Page 61 and 62: Different donor agencies have assis
Page 63 and 64: 1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
Page 65 and 66: 5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
Page 67 and 68: Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 69 and 70: newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
Page 71 and 72: 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
Page 73 and 74: Table 2 Potential small hydropower
Page 75: 1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
Page 79 and 80: Francis turbine. Project commission
Page 81 and 82: 1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
Page 83 and 84: 1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
Page 85 and 86: out according to social, economic a
Page 87 and 88: avaged by vandals for parts and cop
Page 89 and 90: 1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
Page 91 and 92: 1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
Page 93 and 94: 1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
Page 95 and 96: 1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
Page 97 and 98: 1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
Page 99 and 100: 1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
Page 101 and 102: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 103 and 104: SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
Page 105 and 106: 16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
Page 107 and 108: construction and the project will b
Page 109 and 110: Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
Page 111 and 112: 1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
Page 113 and 114: 1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
Page 115 and 116: and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
Page 117 and 118: oth present and future”. Should t
Page 119 and 120: 1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
Page 121 and 122: hydropower in South Africa and the
Page 123 and 124: Integrated resource plan for electr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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