WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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Table 1 Status of small hydropower in the United States of America Installed capacity in range (MW) Number of plants Estimated minimum capacity (MW) Estimated maximum capacity (MW)
Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hydropower under the Renewable Portfolio Standard in the United States of America State Hydropower Renewable Portfolio Standard Arizona New hydropower (2006 and thereafter) is limited to 10 MW or less and may not require new dams. Incremental additional production at existing facilities (pre-1997) and hydro that balances intermittent renewables is also eligible. California In general, an eligible facility may not cause an adverse impact on instream beneficial uses or cause a change in the volume or timing of streamflow (exception for Fish Protection Act (FPA) license conditions). Eligible hydro includes:Small hydropower: Existing facilities (before 1 January 2006) of 30 MW or less under contract to a retail seller or municipal utility as of 1 January 2006 . New facilities (after 1 January 2006) of 30 MW or less, limit increased to 40 MW for a facility that is "part of a water supply or conveyance system". Conduit hydropower: Must use an existing pipe, ditch, flume, etc. Limits and existing or new distinctions are basically the same as for small hydropower above but do not contain existing contract requirements and additional details exist for conduit hydro in conjunction with a larger hydro facility. Incremental output/efficiency upgrades: Allowed without any capacity limit for facilities owned by a retail seller or municipal utility, in existence as of 1 January 2007, and improvements are made on or after 1 January 2008. Colorado Existing (as of 1 January 2005) must be 30 MW or less. New hydro must be 10 MW or less. Connecticut Only new (1 July 2003) run-of-river hydro of 5 MW or less. Must also be low-Impact hydropower. Delaware 30 MW or less; must meet Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC) standards including Low-Impact Hydro standards. Washington D.C. No pumped-storage hydropower. Hawaii Hydropower is defined as ‘falling water’ without any clarification. All hydropower would presumably be eligible. Illinois No new dams; otherwise no specific size or other restrictions. Iowa Only ‘small’ facilities, but no explicit capacity limit. No hydropower is currently included in utilities designated capacities. Kansas Existing hydropower (as of 27 May 2009); new hydropower with a nameplate capacity of 10 MW or less. Maine Must be 100 MW or less and must meet all state’s and federal’s fish passage requirements. Maryland Less than 30 MW and there is a dam in operation as of 2004, otherwise no new dams may be built. Massachusetts New power facilities must meet environmental standards and be 25 MW or less. No new dams are eligible, but new production or incremental additions at existing dams is eligible. Pumped storage facilities are not eligible. Existing hydro facilities (12/31/1997) must meet environmental standards and be 5 MW or less. Pumped storage facilities are not eligible. Michigan Existing traditional; new run-of-river would appear to be eligible but no new dams. No size restrictions on otherwise eligible facilities. Minnesota Must be 100 MW or less. Montana Currently no new dams or diversions and hydropower must be 10 MW or less, except a facility up to 15 MW installed at an existing resevoir or irrigation system that did not have hydropower generation as of 16 April 2009 is eligible. Nevada Must be 30 MW or less. For any water impoundment, the dam must have been in existence as of 1 January 2003 and the water in a reservoir must be used exclusively for irrigation. No new impoundments or diversions are permitted. New Hampshire New renewable energy incremental production at existing facilities only; no explicit size limits but the implication would be that no new dams or impoundments are permitted. The existing small hydropower: includes only facilities placed in service prior to 1 January 2006 and facilities having met state water quality standards applicable to hydropower projects. Facilities may either be: (1) 5 MW or less and incorporate upstream and downstream diadromous fish passages approved by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), or (2) 1 MW or less, connected to the distribution system in New Hampshire, and meet applicable FERC fish passage restoration requirements. New Jersey Must be 30 MW or less; no apparent restrictions on new dams, but must meet Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) environmental standards and minimize any impacts to the environment and to the local communities. Facilities must be located in a place where retail competition is permitted. New Mexico No detailed definition, but hydropower must be placed in service after 1 July 2007. New York The main requirements are: - No new dams or impoundments but upgrades eligible. - Any run-of-river up to 30 MW that meets low-impact criteria is eligible. Existing small hydropower: No apparent limitations on existing hydropower resources. However, in order to be eligible for financial support through the Maintenance Resources Program, a facility must be 5 MW or less, run-of-river type. North Carolina Must be 10 MW or less; new or existing facilities are eligible (primary RPS). Ohio Significant environmental restrictions, but no size limits or limits on new dams or vintage. Oregon For pre-1995 facilities, eligibility includes post-1994 efficiency upgrades and low-impact hydro up to 50 MW per utility per year for utility-owned facilities. For non-utility owned, post-1994 facilities, up to 40 MW of low-impact hydro located in Oregon that is licensed by FERC or exempt from FERC licensing requirements is eligible. For post-1994 facilities, it includes only efficiency upgrades that meet certain geographic and environmental requirements. Pennsylvania Generally hydropower facilities must be low-impact and must meet other environmental requirements, but no apparent requirements on size or limitations have been given. Supplementing this is a separate statute listing certain other low-impact hydropower facilities that qualify as Tier I. One portion of this lists a maximum capacity of 21 MW and a pre-1984 FERC license requirement. Rhode Island 30 MW or less; no new impoundments. Texas No restrictions. Double credit only for facilities certified after 1 September 2005. Washington Facility efficiency improvements after 31 March1999 and no new diversions or impoundments. Wisconsin All hydropower facilities of less than 60 MW are eligible. Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Database for State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency 2 215
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
Page 179 and 180: sector and rural communities will b
Page 181 and 182: 1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
Page 183 and 184: years of commercial operation). In
Page 185 and 186: operate renewable energy projects a
Page 187 and 188: Since then, several values close to
Page 189 and 190: addition to long period of contract
Page 191 and 192: institutions portray a robust syste
Page 193 and 194: exemption from distribution and tra
Page 195 and 196: een lowered in this region. One of
Page 197 and 198: The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
Page 199 and 200: y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
Page 201 and 202: provide not only labor, but local m
Page 203 and 204: 2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
Page 205 and 206: https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
Page 207 and 208: Electrification with Renewable Ener
Page 209 and 210: 2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
Page 211 and 212: grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
Page 213 and 214: The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
Page 215 and 216: 2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
Page 217 and 218: 2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
Page 219 and 220: In addition, Peru has a clean energ
Page 221 and 222: In accordance with the requirements
Page 223 and 224: Information on the total installed
Page 225 and 226: 2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
Page 227 and 228: Table 4 Small hydropower potential
Page 229: 2.4.2 United States of America Lara
Page 233 and 234: involving certain low-impact situat
Page 235 and 236: which hydropower plants under 30 MW
Page 237 and 238: share of total energy balance by 20
Page 239 and 240: 2. World Meteorological Organizatio
Page 241 and 242: SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
Page 243 and 244: 3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
Page 245 and 246: 3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
Page 247 and 248: Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
Page 249 and 250: In addition to the investment made
Page 251 and 252: 3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
Page 253 and 254: to release sediment from dams, it i
Page 255 and 256: infrastructure and of the transmiss
Page 257 and 258: 3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
Page 259 and 260: 3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
Page 261 and 262: 3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
Page 263 and 264: Livelihoods and Energy Department,
Page 265 and 266: 3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
Page 267 and 268: Hydropower projects, until recently
Page 269 and 270: Renewable energy policy The Renewab
Page 271 and 272: Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
Page 273 and 274: www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
Page 275 and 276: Procurement and Construction (EPC)
Page 277 and 278: 3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
Page 279 and 280: Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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