Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 - bris

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.4 SWS measurements at Weyburn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.4.1 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.4.2 Splitting results for Weyburn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.4.3 Phase IB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.4.4 Modelling two fracture sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.4.5 Phase II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4 A comparison of microseismic monitoring of fracture stimulation due to water versus CO 2 injection 55 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.1.1 Field background and description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.2 Event locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.2.1 Water injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.2.2 CO 2 injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.3 Event magnitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.4 Shear wave splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.4.1 Splitting measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.5 Initial S-wave polarisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.5.1 Modelling the effects of θ S on splitting analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.5.2 θ S and ψ in the data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.6 Interpretation of shear wave splitting results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.6.1 Synthetic tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.6.2 Interpretation of datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.7 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5 Geomechanical simulation of CO 2 injection 83 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.2 Effective stress and stress path parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.2.1 Mean and differential stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.2.2 Mohr circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.2.3 Stress path parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.3 Numerical modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.3.1 Fluid-flow simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.3.2 Geomechanical modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.3.3 Coupling of fluid-flow and geomechanical simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.3.4 Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.3.5 Simple representative models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 XII
TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.4.1 Stress arching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 5.4.2 Fracture potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5.4.3 Shallower reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5.5 Surface uplift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 6 Generating anisotropic seismic models based on geomechanical simulation 105 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.2 Stress-sensitive rock physics models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.2.1 3rd-order nonlinear elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 6.3 A micro-structural model for nonlinear elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.3.1 Theoretical background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.3.2 Inversion for scalar cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.3.3 Joint inversion for α and β . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 6.3.4 Effects of stress on crack density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 6.3.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 6.3.6 Anisotropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 6.3.7 Coring and damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 6.4 Calibration with literature data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 6.5 Comparison of rock physics models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 6.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 7 Forward modelling of seismic properties 135 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 7.2 SeisModel c⃝ workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 7.2.1 Input of results and parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 7.2.2 Initialisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 7.2.3 Stress dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 7.2.4 Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 7.2.5 Fluid substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 7.2.6 SeisModel c⃝ Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 7.3 Results from simple geomechanical models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 7.3.1 Overburden travel time-shifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 7.3.2 Shear wave splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 7.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 8 Linking geomechanical modelling and microseismic observations at Weyburn 147 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 8.2 Model description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 8.2.1 Fluid flow simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 XIII
Page 1: Microseismic Monitoring and Geomech
Page 5 and 6: Abstract Capture of CO 2 produced a
Page 7 and 8: Author’s Declaration I declare th
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgments There are many thin
Page 11: Table of Contents Abstract Author
Page 15 and 16: Preface ‘Research is not an end i
Page 17 and 18: 6. D. Angus, J-M. Kendall, J.P. Ver
Page 19 and 20: 1 Introduction A technology push ap
Page 21 and 22: 1.2. CCS OVERVIEW Figure 1.2: CCS s
Page 23 and 24: 1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW for CO 2 to be
Page 25 and 26: 1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW as microseismi
Page 27 and 28: 2 The Weyburn CO 2 injection projec
Page 29 and 30: 2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING Fig
Page 31 and 32: 2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING N F
Page 33 and 34: 2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
Page 35 and 36: 2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
Page 37 and 38: 2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Nor
Page 39 and 40: 2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Fig
Page 41 and 42: 2.5. DISCUSSION 500 1000 1100 North
Page 43 and 44: 2.6. SUMMARY 2.6 Summary • CO 2 s
Page 45 and 46: 3 Inverting shear-wave splitting me
Page 47 and 48: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD the additiona
Page 49 and 50: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD 1. P-wave inc
Page 51 and 52: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD 180 160 140 C
Page 53 and 54: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD 2800 2800 260
Page 55 and 56: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD Loop over γ,
Page 57 and 58: 20 10 5 5 1 20 30 40 80 100 60 40 1
Page 59 and 60: 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN th
Page 61 and 62: 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ei
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ξ
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN da
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4 2 2 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYB
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.5. DISCUSSION
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3.6. SUMMARY 3.6 Summary • I have
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4 A comparison of microseismic moni
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4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 2400 Velocity
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4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 200 150 Northi
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4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES Pressure (MPa
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4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES 160 140 120 N
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4.4. SHEAR WAVE SPLITTING 50 −3 E
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION In
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION 6
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION of
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4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAVE S
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1 1 5 5 30 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF S
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80 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAV
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2 3 3.5 4 5 2 1.8 1.4 4 4.6. INTERP
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4.7. DISCUSSION 4.7 Discussion The
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pressure, P fl σ ′ ij = σ ij
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5.2. EFFECTIVE STRESS AND STRESS PA
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING 5.3.1 Flui
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING MORE FLUID
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING (a) (b) Fi
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5.4. RESULTS 0 500 1000 Depth (m) 1
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5.4. RESULTS 1 0.9 0.8 Soft Med Sti
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5.4. RESULTS Overburden Extension i
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5.4. RESULTS 1z:100x:100y 1z:100x:5
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5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT 1 0.9 0.8 Soft
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5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT Figure 5.17: Ma
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6 Generating anisotropic seismic mo
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6.2. STRESS-SENSITIVE ROCK PHYSICS
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6.3. A MICRO-STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR N
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6.4. CALIBRATION WITH LITERATURE DA
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6.4. CALIBRATION WITH LITERATURE DA
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6.5. COMPARISON OF ROCK PHYSICS MOD
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6.5. COMPARISON OF ROCK PHYSICS MOD
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7 Forward modelling of seismic prop
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7.2. SEISMODEL c⃝ WORKFLOW time s
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7.3. RESULTS FROM SIMPLE GEOMECHANI
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7.4. SUMMARY 7.4 Summary • I have
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8 Linking geomechanical modelling a
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8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Layer Thickn
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8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Unit E (GPa)
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8.3. RESULTS Marl Vugg 0.8 0.8 Norm
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8.3. RESULTS 15 10 Injector Produce
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8.3. RESULTS 2000 15 2000 15 1500 1
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8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 8.4 A softe
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8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 15 200
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8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 Max SW
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8.5. DISCUSSION pore-pressure being
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8.6. SUMMARY 8.6 Summary • I appl
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9 Conclusions Geological storage wi
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calibrate. This model has been cali
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9.1. NOVEL CONTRIBUTIONS techniques
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9.2. FUTURE WORK Finally, the compa
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Bibliography Abt, D. L., Fischer, K
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Gassmann, F., 1951. Ub
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Kendall, J.-M., Pilido
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Sayers, C. M., 2002. S
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BIBLIOGRAPHY White, D., 2009. Monit
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A List of Symbols The table below l
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B In Support of Carbon Capture and
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Both China and India are aggressive
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Utsira rock properties vary signifi
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