Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 - bris

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CHAPTER 2. THE WEYBURN CO 2 INJECTION PROJECT Figure 2.3: Schematic cross section of the Weyburn reservoir taken from Wilson et al. (2004). The Weyburn reservoir is split into the lower intershoal and shoal Vuggy (V) and upper Marly (M) units. The primary seal is the Midale anhydrite, while an important secondary seal is the unconformably overlying Watrous member of Jurassic age. clay content and diagenetic infilling of pores. Figure 2.3 shows a schematic diagram of the reservoir arrangement. 2.2.1 History of the Weyburn field It is estimated that the Weyburn reservoir initially held approximately 1.4 billion barrels of oil. Production at Weyburn began in 1954, continuing until 1964, when waterflood was initiated to increase production. Production peaked after the waterflood at 46000 barrels/day, and has been decreasing since. In 1991 drilling of horizontal wells was initiated to increase production, targeting in particular the less permeable Marly layer. It is estimated that prior to CO 2 injection, 25% of the original oil in place had been recovered. In 2000, injection of CO 2 was initiated, with the intention of increasing oil production in the 19 patterns of Phase IA. The CO 2 is sourced from a coal gasification plant in North Dakota, and is transported through a pipeline to the field. CO 2 is injected in horizontal wells while water continues to be injected through vertical wells. Following the success of Phase IA, CO 2 injection has been initiated in further patterns, Phase IB and Phase II, as well as the adjacent Midale Field. CO 2 is injected at a rate of between 74-588 tonnes per day per well. Enhanced oil recovery associated with the CO 2 injection currently accounts for 5000 barrels of the 20000 barrels per day total production at Weyburn. It is estimated that the EOR operations will increase production by 130 million barrels (10% of the original oil in place) and prolong the life of the field by 25 years. When the Weyburn Field was discovered, pore pressure was estimated to be 14 MPa. During production, this dropped to between 2 and 6 MPa. During waterflood, pressures increased to between 8 and 19 MPa. Pressures in the Phase IA area are between 12.5 - 18MPa (Brown, 2002), with maximum anticipated pore pressure during injection of 23-25MPa. A range of techniques have been deployed to monitor the initial CO 2 flood in Phase IA, including 4-D controlled source seismics, wellhead pressure sampling, cross well and vertical seismic profiling, 12
2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING N Figure 2.4: Results from the 2002 4-D controlled source seismic survey at Weyburn taken from Wilson et al. (2004). (a) shows the changes in reflection amplitude at the top of the reservoir, while (b) shows the travel time-shift through the reservoir. In (c), I show the results of a reservoir simulation for the distribution of the CO2 plumes. The seismic survey clearly images the CO2 plumes around the horizontal injection wells. 13
Page 1: Microseismic Monitoring and Geomech
Page 5 and 6: Abstract Capture of CO 2 produced a
Page 7 and 8: Author’s Declaration I declare th
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgments There are many thin
Page 11 and 12: Table of Contents Abstract Author
Page 13 and 14: TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.4 Results . . .
Page 15 and 16: Preface ‘Research is not an end i
Page 17 and 18: 6. D. Angus, J-M. Kendall, J.P. Ver
Page 19 and 20: 1 Introduction A technology push ap
Page 21 and 22: 1.2. CCS OVERVIEW Figure 1.2: CCS s
Page 23 and 24: 1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW for CO 2 to be
Page 25 and 26: 1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW as microseismi
Page 27 and 28: 2 The Weyburn CO 2 injection projec
Page 29: 2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING Fig
Page 33 and 34: 2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
Page 35 and 36: 2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
Page 37 and 38: 2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Nor
Page 39 and 40: 2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Fig
Page 41 and 42: 2.5. DISCUSSION 500 1000 1100 North
Page 43 and 44: 2.6. SUMMARY 2.6 Summary • CO 2 s
Page 45 and 46: 3 Inverting shear-wave splitting me
Page 47 and 48: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD the additiona
Page 49 and 50: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD 1. P-wave inc
Page 51 and 52: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD 180 160 140 C
Page 53 and 54: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD 2800 2800 260
Page 55 and 56: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD Loop over γ,
Page 57 and 58: 20 10 5 5 1 20 30 40 80 100 60 40 1
Page 59 and 60: 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN th
Page 61 and 62: 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ei
Page 63 and 64: 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ξ
Page 65 and 66: 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN da
Page 67 and 68: 4 2 2 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYB
Page 69 and 70: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.5. DISCUSSION
Page 71 and 72: 3.6. SUMMARY 3.6 Summary • I have
Page 73 and 74: 4 A comparison of microseismic moni
Page 75 and 76: 4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 2400 Velocity
Page 77 and 78: 4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 200 150 Northi
Page 79 and 80: 4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES Pressure (MPa
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4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES 160 140 120 N
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4.4. SHEAR WAVE SPLITTING 50 −3 E
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION In
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION 6
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION of
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4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAVE S
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1 1 5 5 30 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF S
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80 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAV
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2 3 3.5 4 5 2 1.8 1.4 4 4.6. INTERP
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4.7. DISCUSSION 4.7 Discussion The
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pressure, P fl σ ′ ij = σ ij
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5.2. EFFECTIVE STRESS AND STRESS PA
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING 5.3.1 Flui
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING MORE FLUID
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING (a) (b) Fi
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5.4. RESULTS 0 500 1000 Depth (m) 1
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5.4. RESULTS 1 0.9 0.8 Soft Med Sti
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5.4. RESULTS Overburden Extension i
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5.4. RESULTS 1z:100x:100y 1z:100x:5
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5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT 1 0.9 0.8 Soft
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5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT Figure 5.17: Ma
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6 Generating anisotropic seismic mo
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6.2. STRESS-SENSITIVE ROCK PHYSICS
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6.3. A MICRO-STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR N
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6.4. CALIBRATION WITH LITERATURE DA
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6.4. CALIBRATION WITH LITERATURE DA
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6.5. COMPARISON OF ROCK PHYSICS MOD
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6.5. COMPARISON OF ROCK PHYSICS MOD
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7 Forward modelling of seismic prop
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7.2. SEISMODEL c⃝ WORKFLOW time s
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7.3. RESULTS FROM SIMPLE GEOMECHANI
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7.4. SUMMARY 7.4 Summary • I have
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8 Linking geomechanical modelling a
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8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Layer Thickn
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8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Unit E (GPa)
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8.3. RESULTS Marl Vugg 0.8 0.8 Norm
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8.3. RESULTS 15 10 Injector Produce
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8.3. RESULTS 2000 15 2000 15 1500 1
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8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 8.4 A softe
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8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 15 200
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8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 Max SW
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8.5. DISCUSSION pore-pressure being
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8.6. SUMMARY 8.6 Summary • I appl
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9 Conclusions Geological storage wi
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calibrate. This model has been cali
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9.1. NOVEL CONTRIBUTIONS techniques
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9.2. FUTURE WORK Finally, the compa
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Bibliography Abt, D. L., Fischer, K
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Gassmann, F., 1951. Ub
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Kendall, J.-M., Pilido
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Sayers, C. M., 2002. S
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BIBLIOGRAPHY White, D., 2009. Monit
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A List of Symbols The table below l
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B In Support of Carbon Capture and
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Both China and India are aggressive
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Utsira rock properties vary signifi
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Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 - bris

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