Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 - bris

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APPENDIX B. IN SUPPORT OF CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE Word Count: 1979 words References Bickle, M., A. Chadwick, H.E. Huppert, M. Hallworth & S. Lyle, 2007. Modelling carbon dioxide accumulation at Sleipner: Implications for underground carbon storage: EPSL, vol 255, pp 164-176. Bjureby, E., E. Rochon, T. Gulowsen, 2009. Reality check on carbon storage: Greenpeace International, 8 pages. Congressional Policy Brief, 2008. Addressing emissions from coal use in power generation: Pew Center for Global Climate Change, 16 pages. Flannery, T., 2005. The Weather Makers: Penguin Group, 315 pages, ISBN 0-713-99930-6. IEA World Energy Outlook 2007. India and China Insights. 600 pages, ISBN 978-92-64-02730-5. IEA Energy Technology Perspectives 2008. 650 pages, ISBN 978-92-64-04142-4. James, R., R. Richels, G. Blanford & S. Gehl, 2007. The power to reduce CO 2 emissions: EPRI Energy Technology Assessment Center, 45 pages. Greenpeace Briefing, 2009. Leakages in the Utsira formation and their consequences for CCS policy: Greenpeace International, 5 pages. Kuuskraa, V.A., 2007. A program to accelerate the deployment of CO 2 capture and storage (CCS): Rational, objectives, and costs: Pew Center for Global Climate Change, 54 pages. Metz, B., O. Davidson, H. de Coninck, M. Loos & L. Meyer, 2005. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage: IPCC Special Report: Cambridge University Press, 431 pages, ISBN 13-978-0-521-86643-9. Rochon, E., J. Kuper, E. Bjureby, P. Johnston, R. Oakley, D. Santillo, N. Schulz & G. von Goerne, 2008. False Hope: Why carbon capture and storage won’t save the climate: Greenpeace International, 42 pages. Torp, T.A. & J. Gale, 2004. Demonstrating storage of CO 2 SACS projects: Energy, vol 29, pp 1361-1369. in geological reservoirs: The Sleipner and Wilson, M., M. Monea, S. Whittaker, D. White, D. Law & R. Chalaturnyk, 2004. IEA GHG Weyburn CO 2 monitoring & storage project summary report 2000-2004: Petroleum Technology Research Center, 273 pages, ISBN 0-9736290-0-2. 194
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Microseismic Monitoring and Geomech
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Abstract Capture of CO 2 produced a
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Author’s Declaration I declare th
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Acknowledgments There are many thin
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Table of Contents Abstract Author
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.4 Results . . .
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Preface ‘Research is not an end i
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6. D. Angus, J-M. Kendall, J.P. Ver
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1 Introduction A technology push ap
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1.2. CCS OVERVIEW Figure 1.2: CCS s
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1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW for CO 2 to be
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1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW as microseismi
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2 The Weyburn CO 2 injection projec
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2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING Fig
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2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING N F
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Nor
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Fig
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2.5. DISCUSSION 500 1000 1100 North
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2.6. SUMMARY 2.6 Summary • CO 2 s
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3 Inverting shear-wave splitting me
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD the additiona
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 1. P-wave inc
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 180 160 140 C
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 2800 2800 260
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD Loop over γ,
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20 10 5 5 1 20 30 40 80 100 60 40 1
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN th
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ei
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ξ
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN da
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4 2 2 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYB
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.5. DISCUSSION
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3.6. SUMMARY 3.6 Summary • I have
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4 A comparison of microseismic moni
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4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 2400 Velocity
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4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 200 150 Northi
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4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES Pressure (MPa
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4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES 160 140 120 N
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4.4. SHEAR WAVE SPLITTING 50 −3 E
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION In
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION 6
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION of
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4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAVE S
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1 1 5 5 30 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF S
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80 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAV
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2 3 3.5 4 5 2 1.8 1.4 4 4.6. INTERP
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4.7. DISCUSSION 4.7 Discussion The
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pressure, P fl σ ′ ij = σ ij
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5.2. EFFECTIVE STRESS AND STRESS PA
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING 5.3.1 Flui
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING MORE FLUID
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING (a) (b) Fi
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5.4. RESULTS 0 500 1000 Depth (m) 1
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5.4. RESULTS 1 0.9 0.8 Soft Med Sti
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5.4. RESULTS Overburden Extension i
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5.4. RESULTS 1z:100x:100y 1z:100x:5
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5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT 1 0.9 0.8 Soft
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5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT Figure 5.17: Ma
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6 Generating anisotropic seismic mo
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6.2. STRESS-SENSITIVE ROCK PHYSICS
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6.3. A MICRO-STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR N
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6.4. CALIBRATION WITH LITERATURE DA
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6.4. CALIBRATION WITH LITERATURE DA
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6.5. COMPARISON OF ROCK PHYSICS MOD
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6.5. COMPARISON OF ROCK PHYSICS MOD
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7 Forward modelling of seismic prop
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7.2. SEISMODEL c⃝ WORKFLOW time s
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7.3. RESULTS FROM SIMPLE GEOMECHANI
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7.3. RESULTS FROM SIMPLE GEOMECHANI
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Page 163 and 164: 7.4. SUMMARY 7.4 Summary • I have
Page 165 and 166: 8 Linking geomechanical modelling a
Page 167 and 168: 8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Layer Thickn
Page 169 and 170: 8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Unit E (GPa)
Page 171 and 172: 8.3. RESULTS Marl Vugg 0.8 0.8 Norm
Page 173 and 174: 8.3. RESULTS 15 10 Injector Produce
Page 175 and 176: 8.3. RESULTS 2000 15 2000 15 1500 1
Page 177 and 178: 8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 8.4 A softe
Page 179 and 180: 8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 15 200
Page 181 and 182: 8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 Max SW
Page 183 and 184: 8.5. DISCUSSION pore-pressure being
Page 185 and 186: 8.6. SUMMARY 8.6 Summary • I appl
Page 187 and 188: 9 Conclusions Geological storage wi
Page 189 and 190: calibrate. This model has been cali
Page 191 and 192: 9.1. NOVEL CONTRIBUTIONS techniques
Page 193 and 194: 9.2. FUTURE WORK Finally, the compa
Page 195 and 196: Bibliography Abt, D. L., Fischer, K
Page 197 and 198: BIBLIOGRAPHY Gassmann, F., 1951. Ub
Page 199 and 200: BIBLIOGRAPHY Kendall, J.-M., Pilido
Page 201 and 202: BIBLIOGRAPHY Sayers, C. M., 2002. S
Page 203 and 204: BIBLIOGRAPHY White, D., 2009. Monit
Page 205 and 206: A List of Symbols The table below l
Page 207 and 208: B In Support of Carbon Capture and
Page 209 and 210: Both China and India are aggressive
Page 211: Utsira rock properties vary signifi
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