Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 - bris

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Thomsen, L., 1986. Weak elastic anisotropy. Geophysics 51 (10), 1954–1966. Thomsen, L., 1995. Elastic anisotropy due to aligned cracks in porous rock. Geophysical Prospecting 43, 805–829. Tod, S. R., 2002. The effects of stress and fluid pressure on the anisotropy of interconnected cracks. Geophysical Journal International 149, 149–156. Torvanger, A., Kallbekken, S., Rypdal, K., 2004. Prerequisites for geological carbon storage as a climate policy option. CICERO Report 2004:04. Turley, J., Sines, G., 1971. The anisotropy of Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio in cubic materials. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 4, 264–271. Valcke, S. L. A., Casey, M., Lloyd, G. E., Kendall, J.-M., Fisher, Q. J., 2006. Lattice preferred orientation and seismic anisotropy in sedimentary rocks. Geophysical Journal International 166, 652–666. van der Neut, J. R., Sen, M. K., Wapenaar, K., 2007. Monitoring effective stress changes in fault zones from time-lapse seismic reflection data - a model study. 69th EAGE Annual Meeting, Expanded Abstracts. Vasco, D. W., Ferretti, A., Novali, F., 2008. Reservoir monitoring and characterization using satellite geodetic data: Interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations from the Krechba field, Algeria. Geophysics 73 (6), WA113–WA122. Verdon, J. P., Angus, D. A., Kendall, J.-M., Hall, S. A., 2008. The effects of microstructure and nonlinear stress on anisotropic seismic velocities. Geophysics 73 (4), D41–D51. Verdon, J. P., Kendall, J.-M., 2010. Detection of multiple fracture sets using observations of shear-wave splitting in microseismic data. accepted, Geophysical Prospecting. Verdon, J. P., Kendall, J.-M., Maxwell, S. C., 2010a. A comparison of passive seismic monitoring of fracture stimulation due to water versus CO 2 injection. Geophysics 75 (3), MA1–MA7. Verdon, J. P., Kendall, J.-M., White, D. J., Angus, D. A., 2010b. Linking microseismic event locations with geomechanical models to minimise the risks of storing CO 2 in geological formations. sub judice, Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Verdon, J. P., Kendall, J.-M., Wüstefeld, A., 2009. Imaging fractures and sedimentary fabrics using shear wave splitting measurements made on passive seismic data. Geophysical Journal International 179 (2), 1245–1254. Verdon, J. P., White, D. J., Kendall, J.-M., Angus, D. A., Fisher, Q., Urbancic, T., 2010c. Passive seismic monitoring of carbon dioxide storage at Weyburn. The Leading Edge 29 (2), 200–206. 184
BIBLIOGRAPHY White, D., 2009. Monitoring CO 2 storage during EOR at the Weyburn-Midale field. The Leading Edge 28, 838–842. White, D. J., 2008. Geophysical monitoring in the IEA GHG Weyburn-Midale CO 2 monitoring and storage project. SEG Expanded Abstracts 27, 2846–2849. Wilson, M., Monea, M., Whittaker, S., White, D., Law, D., Chalaturnyk, R., 2004. IEA GHG Weyburn CO 2 Monitoring & Storage Project Summary Report 2000-2004. PTRC. Wookey, J., 2010. Direct probabilistic inversion of shear-wave data for anisotropy. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, sub judice. Wookey, J., Helffrich, G. R., 2008. Inferences on inner-core shear-wave anisotropy and texture from an observation of PKJKP waves. Nature 454, 873–876. Wüstefeld, A., Al-Harrasi, O., Verdon, J. P., Wookey, J., Kendall, J.-M., 2010a. A strategy for automated analysis of passive microseismic data to study seismic anisotropy and fracture characteristics. Geophysical Prospecting 58 (5), 755–773. Wüstefeld, A., Bokelmann, G., 2007. Null detection in shear-wave splitting measurements. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 97 (4), 1204–1211. Wüstefeld, A., Kendall, J.-M., Verdon, J. P., van Aas, A., 2010b. Monitoring of rock fracture beyond lab experiments: An example of shear-wave splitting in mining operations. sub judice, Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Zatsepin, S., Crampin, S., 1997. Modelling the compliance of crustal rock-I. Response of shear-wave splitting to differential stress. Geophysical Journal International 129, 477–494. Zimmer, U., Maxwell, S., Waltman, C., Warpinski, N., 2007. Microseismic monitoring quality-control (QC) reports as an interpretative tool for nonspecialists, SPE 110517. Presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference. 185
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Microseismic Monitoring and Geomech
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Abstract Capture of CO 2 produced a
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Author’s Declaration I declare th
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Acknowledgments There are many thin
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Table of Contents Abstract Author
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.4 Results . . .
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Preface ‘Research is not an end i
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6. D. Angus, J-M. Kendall, J.P. Ver
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1 Introduction A technology push ap
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1.2. CCS OVERVIEW Figure 1.2: CCS s
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1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW for CO 2 to be
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1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW as microseismi
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2 The Weyburn CO 2 injection projec
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2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING Fig
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2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING N F
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Nor
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Fig
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2.5. DISCUSSION 500 1000 1100 North
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2.6. SUMMARY 2.6 Summary • CO 2 s
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3 Inverting shear-wave splitting me
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD the additiona
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 1. P-wave inc
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 180 160 140 C
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 2800 2800 260
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD Loop over γ,
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20 10 5 5 1 20 30 40 80 100 60 40 1
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN th
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ei
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ξ
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN da
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4 2 2 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYB
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.5. DISCUSSION
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3.6. SUMMARY 3.6 Summary • I have
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4 A comparison of microseismic moni
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4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 2400 Velocity
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4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 200 150 Northi
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4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES Pressure (MPa
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4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES 160 140 120 N
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4.4. SHEAR WAVE SPLITTING 50 −3 E
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION In
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION 6
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION of
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4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAVE S
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1 1 5 5 30 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF S
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80 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAV
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2 3 3.5 4 5 2 1.8 1.4 4 4.6. INTERP
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4.7. DISCUSSION 4.7 Discussion The
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pressure, P fl σ ′ ij = σ ij
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5.2. EFFECTIVE STRESS AND STRESS PA
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING 5.3.1 Flui
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING MORE FLUID
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING (a) (b) Fi
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5.4. RESULTS 0 500 1000 Depth (m) 1
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5.4. RESULTS 1 0.9 0.8 Soft Med Sti
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5.4. RESULTS Overburden Extension i
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5.4. RESULTS 1z:100x:100y 1z:100x:5
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5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT 1 0.9 0.8 Soft
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5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT Figure 5.17: Ma
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6 Generating anisotropic seismic mo
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6.2. STRESS-SENSITIVE ROCK PHYSICS
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6.3. A MICRO-STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR N
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6.4. CALIBRATION WITH LITERATURE DA
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6.4. CALIBRATION WITH LITERATURE DA
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6.5. COMPARISON OF ROCK PHYSICS MOD
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Page 153 and 154: 7 Forward modelling of seismic prop
Page 155 and 156: 7.2. SEISMODEL c⃝ WORKFLOW time s
Page 157 and 158: 7.3. RESULTS FROM SIMPLE GEOMECHANI
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Page 165 and 166: 8 Linking geomechanical modelling a
Page 167 and 168: 8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Layer Thickn
Page 169 and 170: 8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Unit E (GPa)
Page 171 and 172: 8.3. RESULTS Marl Vugg 0.8 0.8 Norm
Page 173 and 174: 8.3. RESULTS 15 10 Injector Produce
Page 175 and 176: 8.3. RESULTS 2000 15 2000 15 1500 1
Page 177 and 178: 8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 8.4 A softe
Page 179 and 180: 8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 15 200
Page 181 and 182: 8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 Max SW
Page 183 and 184: 8.5. DISCUSSION pore-pressure being
Page 185 and 186: 8.6. SUMMARY 8.6 Summary • I appl
Page 187 and 188: 9 Conclusions Geological storage wi
Page 189 and 190: calibrate. This model has been cali
Page 191 and 192: 9.1. NOVEL CONTRIBUTIONS techniques
Page 193 and 194: 9.2. FUTURE WORK Finally, the compa
Page 195 and 196: Bibliography Abt, D. L., Fischer, K
Page 197 and 198: BIBLIOGRAPHY Gassmann, F., 1951. Ub
Page 199 and 200: BIBLIOGRAPHY Kendall, J.-M., Pilido
Page 201: BIBLIOGRAPHY Sayers, C. M., 2002. S
Page 205 and 206: A List of Symbols The table below l
Page 207 and 208: B In Support of Carbon Capture and
Page 209 and 210: Both China and India are aggressive
Page 211 and 212: Utsira rock properties vary signifi
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