Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 - bris

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Brown, L. T., 2002. Integration of rock physics and reservoir simulation for the interpretation of time-lapse seismic data at Weyburn field, Saskatchewan. Master’s thesis, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado. Brown, R. J. S., Korringa, J., 1975. On the dependence of the elastic properties of a porous rock on the compressibility of the pore fluid. Geophysics 40 (4), 608–616. Bunge, R. J., 2000. Midale reservoir fracture characterization using integrated well and seismic data, Weyburn field, Saskatchewan. Master’s thesis, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado. Chapman, M., 2003. Frequency-dependent anisotropy due to meso-scale fractures in the presence of equant porosity. Geophysical Prospecting 51, 369–379. Crampin, S., 1991. A decade of shear-wave splitting in the Earth’s crust: what does it mean what use can we make of it and what should we do next Geophysical Journal International 107, 387–407. Crampin, S., Gao, Y., Peacock, S., 2008. Stress-forcasting (not predicting) earthquakes: A paradigm shift Geology 36, 427–430. Crampin, S., Peacock, S., 2008. A review of the current understanding of seismic shear-wave splitting in the earth’s crust and common fallacies in interpretation. Wave Motion 45, 675–722. Crook, A. J. L., Willson, S. M., Yu, J. G., Owen, D. R. J., 2006. Predictive modelling of structure evolution in sandbox experiments. Journal of Structural Geology 28 (5), 729–744. De Gennaro, S., Onaisi, A., Grandi, A., Ben-Brahim, L., Neillo, V., 2008. 4D reservoir geomethanics: A case study from the HP/HT reservoirs of the Elgin and Franklin fields. First Break 26, 53–59. De Meersman, K., van der Baan, M., Kendall, J.-M., 2006. Signal extraction and automated polarization analysis of multicomponent array data. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96 (6), 2415–2430. Dean, R. H., Gai, X., Stone, C. M., Minkoff, S. E., 2003. A comparison of techniques for coupling porous flow and geomechanics. Proceedings of the 17th SPE reservoir simulation symposium, SPE 79709. Dyer, B. C., Cowles, R. H. J. J. F., Barkved, O., Folstad, P. G., 1999. Microseismic survey of a North Sea reservoir. World Oil 220, 74–78. Eisner, L., Duncan, P. M., Heigl, W. M., Keller, W. R., 2009. Uncertainties in passive seismic monitoring. The Leading Edge 28, 648–655. Furre, A. K., Andersen, M., Moen, A. S., Tonnessen, R. K., 2007. Sonic log derived pressure depletion predictions and application to time-lapse seismic interpretation. 69th EAGE Annual Meeting, Expanded Abstracts. 178
BIBLIOGRAPHY Gassmann, F., 1951. Uber die elastizitat poroser medien. Vierteljahresschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zurich 96, 1–23. Grechka, V., 2007. Multiple cracks in VTI rocks: Effective properties and fracture characterisation. Geophysics 72 (5), D81–D91. Grechka, V., Tsvankin, I., 2003. Feasibility of seismic characterisation of multiple fracture sets. Geophysics 68 (4), 1399–1407. Grochau, M. H., Gurevich, B., 2008. Investigation of core data reliability to support time-lapse interpretation in Campos Basin, Brazil. Geophysics 73 (2), E59–E65. Gueguen, Y., Schubnel, A., 2003. Elastic wave velocities and permeability of cracked rocks. Tectonophysics 370, 163–176. Hall, S. A., 2000. Rock fracture characterisation and seismic anisotropy: Application to ocean bottom seismic data. Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds. Hall, S. A., Kendall, J.-M., 2000. Constraining the interpretation of AVOA for fracture characterisation. In: Ikelle, L., Gangi, A. (Eds.), Anisotropy 2000: Fractures, Converted Waves, and Case Studies. Society of Exploration Geophysics, pp. 107–144. Hall, S. A., Kendall, J.-M., Maddock, J., Fisher, Q., 2008. Crack density tensor inversion for analysis of changes in rock frame architecture. Geophysical Journal International 173, 577–592. Han, D.-H., 1986. Effects of porosity and clay content on acoustic properties of sandstones and unconsolidated sediments. Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University. Hatchell, P., Bourne, S., 2005. Rocks under strain: Strain-induced time-lapse time shifts are observed for depleting reservoirs. The Leading Edge 24, 1222–1225. He, T., 2006. P- and S-wave velocity measurement and pressure sensitivity analysis of AVA response. Master’s thesis, University of Alberta. Hemsing, D. B., 2007. Laboratory determination of seismic anisotropy in sedimentary rock from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. Master’s thesis, University of Alberta. Herwanger, J., 2007. Linking Geomechanics and Seismics: Stress Effects on Time-Lapse Seismic Data. EAGE Distinguished Lecturer Program, London. Herwanger, J., Horne, S., 2005. Predicting time-lapse stress effects in seismic data. The Leading Edge 24, 1234–1242. Holloway, S., 2001. Storage of fossil fuel-derived carbon dioxide beneath the surface of the earth. Annual Reviews of Energy and the Environment 26, 145–166. Holt, R. M., Brignoli, M., Kenter, C. J., 2000. Core quality: Quantification of coring-induced rock alteration. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science 37, 889–907. 179
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Microseismic Monitoring and Geomech
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Abstract Capture of CO 2 produced a
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Author’s Declaration I declare th
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Acknowledgments There are many thin
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Table of Contents Abstract Author
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.4 Results . . .
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Preface ‘Research is not an end i
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6. D. Angus, J-M. Kendall, J.P. Ver
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1 Introduction A technology push ap
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1.2. CCS OVERVIEW Figure 1.2: CCS s
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1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW for CO 2 to be
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1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW as microseismi
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2 The Weyburn CO 2 injection projec
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2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING Fig
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2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING N F
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Nor
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Fig
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2.5. DISCUSSION 500 1000 1100 North
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2.6. SUMMARY 2.6 Summary • CO 2 s
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3 Inverting shear-wave splitting me
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD the additiona
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 1. P-wave inc
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 180 160 140 C
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 2800 2800 260
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD Loop over γ,
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20 10 5 5 1 20 30 40 80 100 60 40 1
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN th
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ei
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ξ
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN da
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4 2 2 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYB
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.5. DISCUSSION
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3.6. SUMMARY 3.6 Summary • I have
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4 A comparison of microseismic moni
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4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 2400 Velocity
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4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 200 150 Northi
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4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES Pressure (MPa
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4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES 160 140 120 N
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4.4. SHEAR WAVE SPLITTING 50 −3 E
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION In
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION 6
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION of
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4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAVE S
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1 1 5 5 30 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF S
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80 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAV
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2 3 3.5 4 5 2 1.8 1.4 4 4.6. INTERP
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4.7. DISCUSSION 4.7 Discussion The
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pressure, P fl σ ′ ij = σ ij
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5.2. EFFECTIVE STRESS AND STRESS PA
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING 5.3.1 Flui
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING MORE FLUID
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING (a) (b) Fi
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5.4. RESULTS 0 500 1000 Depth (m) 1
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5.4. RESULTS 1 0.9 0.8 Soft Med Sti
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5.4. RESULTS Overburden Extension i
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5.4. RESULTS 1z:100x:100y 1z:100x:5
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5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT 1 0.9 0.8 Soft
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5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT Figure 5.17: Ma
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6 Generating anisotropic seismic mo
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6.2. STRESS-SENSITIVE ROCK PHYSICS
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6.3. A MICRO-STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR N
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Page 145 and 146: 6.4. CALIBRATION WITH LITERATURE DA
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Page 149 and 150: 6.5. COMPARISON OF ROCK PHYSICS MOD
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Page 153 and 154: 7 Forward modelling of seismic prop
Page 155 and 156: 7.2. SEISMODEL c⃝ WORKFLOW time s
Page 157 and 158: 7.3. RESULTS FROM SIMPLE GEOMECHANI
Page 163 and 164: 7.4. SUMMARY 7.4 Summary • I have
Page 165 and 166: 8 Linking geomechanical modelling a
Page 167 and 168: 8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Layer Thickn
Page 169 and 170: 8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Unit E (GPa)
Page 171 and 172: 8.3. RESULTS Marl Vugg 0.8 0.8 Norm
Page 173 and 174: 8.3. RESULTS 15 10 Injector Produce
Page 175 and 176: 8.3. RESULTS 2000 15 2000 15 1500 1
Page 177 and 178: 8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 8.4 A softe
Page 179 and 180: 8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 15 200
Page 181 and 182: 8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 Max SW
Page 183 and 184: 8.5. DISCUSSION pore-pressure being
Page 185 and 186: 8.6. SUMMARY 8.6 Summary • I appl
Page 187 and 188: 9 Conclusions Geological storage wi
Page 189 and 190: calibrate. This model has been cali
Page 191 and 192: 9.1. NOVEL CONTRIBUTIONS techniques
Page 193 and 194: 9.2. FUTURE WORK Finally, the compa
Page 195: Bibliography Abt, D. L., Fischer, K
Page 199 and 200: BIBLIOGRAPHY Kendall, J.-M., Pilido
Page 201 and 202: BIBLIOGRAPHY Sayers, C. M., 2002. S
Page 203 and 204: BIBLIOGRAPHY White, D., 2009. Monit
Page 205 and 206: A List of Symbols The table below l
Page 207 and 208: B In Support of Carbon Capture and
Page 209 and 210: Both China and India are aggressive
Page 211 and 212: Utsira rock properties vary signifi
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