Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 - bris

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CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS 176
Bibliography Abt, D. L., Fischer, K. M., 2008. Resolving three-dimensional anisotropic structure with shear wave splitting tomography. Geophysical Journal International 173 (3), 859–886. Al-Anboori, A. S. S., 2006. Anisotropy, focal mechanisms, and state of stress in an oilfiled: Passive seismic monitoring in Oman. Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds. Al-Harrasi, O., Al-Anboori, A., Wüstefeld, A., Kendall, J.-M., 2010. Seismic anisotropy in a hydrocarbon field estimated from microseismic data. : in press, Geophysical Prospecting. Angus, D. A., Kendall, J.-M., Fisher, Q. J., Segura, J. M., Skachkov, S., Crook, A. J. L., Dutko, M., 2010. Modelling microseismicity of a producing reservoir from coupled fluid-flow and geomechanical simulation. Geophysical Prospecting 58 (5), 901–914. Angus, D. A., Verdon, J. P., Fisher, Q. J., Kendall, J.-M., 2009. Exploring trends in microcrack properties of sedimentary rocks: An audit of dry core velocity-stress measurements. Geophysics 74 (5), E193–E203. Backus, G. E., 1962. Long-wave elastic anisotropy produced by horizontal layering. Journal of Geophysical Research 66, 4427–4440. Bakulin, A., Grechka, V., Tsvankin, I., 2002. Seismic inversion for the parameters of two orthogonal fracture sets in a VTI backgroound medium. Geophysics 67 (1), 292–299. Balmforth, N. J., Craster, R. V., Rust, A. C., 2005. Instability in flow through elastic conduits and volcanic tremor. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 527, 353–377. Barruol, G., Hoffmann, R., 1999. Upper mantle anisotropy beneath the Geoscope stations. Journal of Geophysical Research 104, 10757–10774. Batzle, M. L., Simmon, G., Siegfried, R. W., 1980. Microcrack closure in rocks under stress: Direct observation. Journal of Geophysical Research 85 (B12), 7072–7090. Blackman, D. K., Kendall, J.-M., 1997. Sensitivity of teleseismic body waves to mineral texture and melt in the mantle beneath a mid-ocean ridge. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, A 355, 217–231. Blackman, D. K., Orcutt, J. A., Forsyth, D. W., Kendall, J.-M., 1993. Seismic anisotropy in the mantle beneath an oceanic spreading center. Nature 366, 675–677. Bolas, H. M. N., Hermanrud, C., Teige, G. M. G., 2005. Seal capacity estimation from subsurface pore pressures. Basin Research 17, 583–599. Boness, N. L., Zoback, M. D., 2006. Mapping stress and structurally controlled crustal shear velocity anisotropy in California. Geology 34, 825–828. 177
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Microseismic Monitoring and Geomech
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Abstract Capture of CO 2 produced a
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Author’s Declaration I declare th
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Acknowledgments There are many thin
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Table of Contents Abstract Author
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.4 Results . . .
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Preface ‘Research is not an end i
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6. D. Angus, J-M. Kendall, J.P. Ver
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1 Introduction A technology push ap
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1.2. CCS OVERVIEW Figure 1.2: CCS s
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1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW for CO 2 to be
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1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW as microseismi
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2 The Weyburn CO 2 injection projec
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2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING Fig
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2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING N F
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Nor
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Fig
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2.5. DISCUSSION 500 1000 1100 North
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2.6. SUMMARY 2.6 Summary • CO 2 s
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3 Inverting shear-wave splitting me
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD the additiona
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 1. P-wave inc
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 180 160 140 C
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 2800 2800 260
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD Loop over γ,
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20 10 5 5 1 20 30 40 80 100 60 40 1
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN th
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ei
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ξ
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN da
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4 2 2 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYB
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.5. DISCUSSION
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3.6. SUMMARY 3.6 Summary • I have
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4 A comparison of microseismic moni
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4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 2400 Velocity
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4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 200 150 Northi
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4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES Pressure (MPa
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4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES 160 140 120 N
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4.4. SHEAR WAVE SPLITTING 50 −3 E
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION In
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION 6
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION of
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4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAVE S
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1 1 5 5 30 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF S
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80 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAV
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2 3 3.5 4 5 2 1.8 1.4 4 4.6. INTERP
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4.7. DISCUSSION 4.7 Discussion The
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pressure, P fl σ ′ ij = σ ij
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5.2. EFFECTIVE STRESS AND STRESS PA
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING 5.3.1 Flui
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING MORE FLUID
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING (a) (b) Fi
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5.4. RESULTS 0 500 1000 Depth (m) 1
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5.4. RESULTS 1 0.9 0.8 Soft Med Sti
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5.4. RESULTS Overburden Extension i
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5.4. RESULTS 1z:100x:100y 1z:100x:5
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5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT 1 0.9 0.8 Soft
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5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT Figure 5.17: Ma
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6 Generating anisotropic seismic mo
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6.2. STRESS-SENSITIVE ROCK PHYSICS
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6.3. A MICRO-STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR N
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Page 143 and 144: 6.3. A MICRO-STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR N
Page 145 and 146: 6.4. CALIBRATION WITH LITERATURE DA
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Page 149 and 150: 6.5. COMPARISON OF ROCK PHYSICS MOD
Page 151 and 152: 6.5. COMPARISON OF ROCK PHYSICS MOD
Page 153 and 154: 7 Forward modelling of seismic prop
Page 155 and 156: 7.2. SEISMODEL c⃝ WORKFLOW time s
Page 157 and 158: 7.3. RESULTS FROM SIMPLE GEOMECHANI
Page 163 and 164: 7.4. SUMMARY 7.4 Summary • I have
Page 165 and 166: 8 Linking geomechanical modelling a
Page 167 and 168: 8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Layer Thickn
Page 169 and 170: 8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Unit E (GPa)
Page 171 and 172: 8.3. RESULTS Marl Vugg 0.8 0.8 Norm
Page 173 and 174: 8.3. RESULTS 15 10 Injector Produce
Page 175 and 176: 8.3. RESULTS 2000 15 2000 15 1500 1
Page 177 and 178: 8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 8.4 A softe
Page 179 and 180: 8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 15 200
Page 181 and 182: 8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 Max SW
Page 183 and 184: 8.5. DISCUSSION pore-pressure being
Page 185 and 186: 8.6. SUMMARY 8.6 Summary • I appl
Page 187 and 188: 9 Conclusions Geological storage wi
Page 189 and 190: calibrate. This model has been cali
Page 191 and 192: 9.1. NOVEL CONTRIBUTIONS techniques
Page 193: 9.2. FUTURE WORK Finally, the compa
Page 197 and 198: BIBLIOGRAPHY Gassmann, F., 1951. Ub
Page 199 and 200: BIBLIOGRAPHY Kendall, J.-M., Pilido
Page 201 and 202: BIBLIOGRAPHY Sayers, C. M., 2002. S
Page 203 and 204: BIBLIOGRAPHY White, D., 2009. Monit
Page 205 and 206: A List of Symbols The table below l
Page 207 and 208: B In Support of Carbon Capture and
Page 209 and 210: Both China and India are aggressive
Page 211 and 212: Utsira rock properties vary signifi
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