Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 - bris

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CHAPTER 6. GENERATING ANISOTROPIC SEISMIC MODELS BASED ON GEOMECHANICAL SIMULATION Initial average aspect ratio (× 10 −3 ) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Sandstone Carbonate Anhydrite Conglomerate Tight gas sandstone Shale Tight gas shale Clay Clair samples 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Initial normalised crack density Figure 6.11: Best fit values for ξ 0 and a 0 for dry samples published in the literature for a variety of lithologies. Initial average aspect ratio (x 10 -3 ) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1784 1788 Shale Tight gas shale Clay Clair samples 1950 1 2194 1909 Global trend 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Initial normalised crack density Figure 6.12: Best fit values for ξ 0 and a 0 for the clay rich samples. When attempting to use data from literature, a problem often encountered is that the core observations provided are often limited. For example, detailed core description such as classification of sample integrity, coring damage, mineral constituents, hand samples, and back-scatter electron micrographs can all provide valuable information to complement ultrasonic measurements but may not be provided in the published work. Hence, we are limited to very broad conclusions based on global trends. 128
6.4. CALIBRATION WITH LITERATURE DATA Sample ϕ κ (mD) qtz fspr calc phyl kaol ξ 0 a 0 1784 12.0 24.0 38.64 18.26 18.26 6.20 6.65 0.25 0.0015 1788 8.0 0.02 30.89 25.41 1.32 34.38 0.00 0.36 0.0026 1909 13.0 2.8 54.95 16.07 10.48 3.73 1.78 0.31 0.0008 1950 14.8 84.00 44.19 30.46 7.45 3.10 0.00 0.18 0.0009 2194 12.1 1.40 61.05 12.62 8.06 1.70 4.48 0.66 0.0006 Table 6.7: Physical properties of the Clair samples showing the % mineral constituents (qtz=quartz, fspr=feldspar, calc=calcite, phyl=phyllosilicates and kaol=kaolinite). (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 6.13: Back-scatter electron micrograph images of the Clair sandstones: clean samples 1909 (top right) and 1950, (top left), and clay-rich sample 1784 (both bottom panels). Taken from Maddock (2006). However, this information is available for the Clair dataset discussed earlier in this section. Table 6.7 shows physical properties for the 5 Clair samples, for which a 0 and ξ 0 are also plotted in Figure 6.12. Samples 1909, 1950 and 2194 are clean sandstones, and show aspect ratios and crack densities consistent with the literature sandstone samples. Samples 1784 and 1788 have a higher clay and 129
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Microseismic Monitoring and Geomech
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Abstract Capture of CO 2 produced a
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Author’s Declaration I declare th
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Acknowledgments There are many thin
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Table of Contents Abstract Author
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.4 Results . . .
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Preface ‘Research is not an end i
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6. D. Angus, J-M. Kendall, J.P. Ver
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1 Introduction A technology push ap
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1.2. CCS OVERVIEW Figure 1.2: CCS s
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1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW for CO 2 to be
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1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW as microseismi
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2 The Weyburn CO 2 injection projec
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2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING Fig
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2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING N F
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Nor
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Fig
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2.5. DISCUSSION 500 1000 1100 North
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2.6. SUMMARY 2.6 Summary • CO 2 s
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3 Inverting shear-wave splitting me
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD the additiona
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 1. P-wave inc
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 180 160 140 C
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 2800 2800 260
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD Loop over γ,
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20 10 5 5 1 20 30 40 80 100 60 40 1
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN th
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ei
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ξ
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN da
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4 2 2 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYB
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.5. DISCUSSION
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3.6. SUMMARY 3.6 Summary • I have
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4 A comparison of microseismic moni
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4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 2400 Velocity
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4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 200 150 Northi
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4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES Pressure (MPa
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4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES 160 140 120 N
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4.4. SHEAR WAVE SPLITTING 50 −3 E
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION In
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION 6
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION of
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4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAVE S
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1 1 5 5 30 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF S
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Page 97 and 98: 2 3 3.5 4 5 2 1.8 1.4 4 4.6. INTERP
Page 99 and 100: 4.7. DISCUSSION 4.7 Discussion The
Page 101 and 102: pressure, P fl σ ′ ij = σ ij
Page 103 and 104: 5.2. EFFECTIVE STRESS AND STRESS PA
Page 105 and 106: 5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING 5.3.1 Flui
Page 107 and 108: 5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING MORE FLUID
Page 109 and 110: 5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING (a) (b) Fi
Page 111 and 112: 5.4. RESULTS 0 500 1000 Depth (m) 1
Page 113 and 114: 5.4. RESULTS 1 0.9 0.8 Soft Med Sti
Page 115 and 116: 5.4. RESULTS Overburden Extension i
Page 117 and 118: 5.4. RESULTS 1z:100x:100y 1z:100x:5
Page 119 and 120: 5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT 1 0.9 0.8 Soft
Page 121 and 122: 5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT Figure 5.17: Ma
Page 123 and 124: 6 Generating anisotropic seismic mo
Page 125 and 126: 6.2. STRESS-SENSITIVE ROCK PHYSICS
Page 127 and 128: 6.3. A MICRO-STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR N
Page 145: 6.4. CALIBRATION WITH LITERATURE DA
Page 149 and 150: 6.5. COMPARISON OF ROCK PHYSICS MOD
Page 151 and 152: 6.5. COMPARISON OF ROCK PHYSICS MOD
Page 153 and 154: 7 Forward modelling of seismic prop
Page 155 and 156: 7.2. SEISMODEL c⃝ WORKFLOW time s
Page 157 and 158: 7.3. RESULTS FROM SIMPLE GEOMECHANI
Page 163 and 164: 7.4. SUMMARY 7.4 Summary • I have
Page 165 and 166: 8 Linking geomechanical modelling a
Page 167 and 168: 8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Layer Thickn
Page 169 and 170: 8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Unit E (GPa)
Page 171 and 172: 8.3. RESULTS Marl Vugg 0.8 0.8 Norm
Page 173 and 174: 8.3. RESULTS 15 10 Injector Produce
Page 175 and 176: 8.3. RESULTS 2000 15 2000 15 1500 1
Page 177 and 178: 8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 8.4 A softe
Page 179 and 180: 8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 15 200
Page 181 and 182: 8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 Max SW
Page 183 and 184: 8.5. DISCUSSION pore-pressure being
Page 185 and 186: 8.6. SUMMARY 8.6 Summary • I appl
Page 187 and 188: 9 Conclusions Geological storage wi
Page 189 and 190: calibrate. This model has been cali
Page 191 and 192: 9.1. NOVEL CONTRIBUTIONS techniques
Page 193 and 194: 9.2. FUTURE WORK Finally, the compa
Page 195 and 196: Bibliography Abt, D. L., Fischer, K
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Gassmann, F., 1951. Ub
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Kendall, J.-M., Pilido
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Sayers, C. M., 2002. S
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BIBLIOGRAPHY White, D., 2009. Monit
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A List of Symbols The table below l
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B In Support of Carbon Capture and
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Both China and India are aggressive
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Utsira rock properties vary signifi
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