Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 - bris

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CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS accuracy of a particular model, which will be useful for any reservoir activity but particularly for proving the integrity of a CCS site to the satisfaction of any regulator. 9.2 Future Work If CCS is to be used a tool for reducing anthropogenic CO 2 emissions by a significant amount then the current pilot scale projects must be scaled up both in terms of the size of each project and the number of projects. As such, the lessons learnt during this scale-up will inevitably add a huge amount of understanding to what we have gained from the pilot projects. Therefore it is likely that there will be a huge amount of development moving forward some of the ideas presented in this thesis. This thesis presents a workflow to match geomechanical modelling predictions with microseismic activity in order to improve our understanding of deformation in reservoirs. This workflow consists of a number of separate steps, bringing together a number of different disciplines, and improvements in all of them are likely to be developed in the near future. The event locations presented in this thesis have been computed by ray-tracing through 1-D velocity models blocked from borehole logs. Already, new techniques are being developed where the velocity model is inverted for in combination with the event locations, providing more accurate event locations and improved velocity models. Additionally, velocity models used for event location are usually isotropic, yet shear wave splitting observations show that anisotropic models would often be more appropriate. Multiplet analysis and/or reverse time migration have also shown potential to reduce the error in event location. With improved event locations, our interpretations of microseismic activity will be improved. Although semi-automated, the shear wave splitting measurements that I make have been picked manually, and the quality control is also done manually. This is possible because there is only a small amount of data. With larger datasets, these steps must be automated, and techniques are currently being developed that can do so (e.g., Wüstefeld et al., 2010a). This technique also identifies null results automatically, which can be important in determining the orientation of anisotropic symmetry axes. The geomechanical models developed are simple and representative in nature. I anticipate that, with greater computing power, full models will be developed with increasing regularity that will allow the reservoir to be modelled in more detail. However, this greater detail must be accompanied by more accurate model population. The elastic stiffness across a reservoir unit will not be uniform, but variable throughout, and this variation could potentially be included if the information could be inverted for based on high quality 3-D seismic observations or based on geostatistical models that describe characteristic scales and distributions of heterogeneity. Additionally, it is known that CO 2 will react with the minerals of reservoir rocks, with dissolution of calcite being the principal effect. With improvements in experimental measurement and reactive transport modelling, the effects of dissolution on rock mechanical properties might also be included. 174
9.2. FUTURE WORK Finally, the comparison that I have made between microseismic observation and model predictions is, in this case, purely a qualitative comparison. It should be possible to develop ways of comparing model prediction with observation in a quantitative fashion. This would allow the fit between many models and a range of observations to be computed numerically, allowing inversion processes to be used that, from an initial starting model, can run through a large range of models, perturbing the input parameters and moving towards the model that provides the best match with the range of geophysical observations that can be made on a CCS site. 175
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Microseismic Monitoring and Geomech
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Abstract Capture of CO 2 produced a
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Author’s Declaration I declare th
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Acknowledgments There are many thin
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Table of Contents Abstract Author
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.4 Results . . .
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Preface ‘Research is not an end i
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6. D. Angus, J-M. Kendall, J.P. Ver
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1 Introduction A technology push ap
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1.2. CCS OVERVIEW Figure 1.2: CCS s
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1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW for CO 2 to be
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1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW as microseismi
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2 The Weyburn CO 2 injection projec
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2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING Fig
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2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING N F
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Nor
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Fig
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2.5. DISCUSSION 500 1000 1100 North
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2.6. SUMMARY 2.6 Summary • CO 2 s
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3 Inverting shear-wave splitting me
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD the additiona
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 1. P-wave inc
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 180 160 140 C
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD 2800 2800 260
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3.2. INVERSION METHOD Loop over γ,
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20 10 5 5 1 20 30 40 80 100 60 40 1
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN th
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ei
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ξ
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3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN da
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4 2 2 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYB
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.5. DISCUSSION
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3.6. SUMMARY 3.6 Summary • I have
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4 A comparison of microseismic moni
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4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 2400 Velocity
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4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 200 150 Northi
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4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES Pressure (MPa
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4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES 160 140 120 N
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4.4. SHEAR WAVE SPLITTING 50 −3 E
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION In
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION 6
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION of
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4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAVE S
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1 1 5 5 30 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF S
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80 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAV
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2 3 3.5 4 5 2 1.8 1.4 4 4.6. INTERP
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4.7. DISCUSSION 4.7 Discussion The
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pressure, P fl σ ′ ij = σ ij
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5.2. EFFECTIVE STRESS AND STRESS PA
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING 5.3.1 Flui
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING MORE FLUID
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING (a) (b) Fi
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5.4. RESULTS 0 500 1000 Depth (m) 1
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5.4. RESULTS 1 0.9 0.8 Soft Med Sti
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5.4. RESULTS Overburden Extension i
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5.4. RESULTS 1z:100x:100y 1z:100x:5
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5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT 1 0.9 0.8 Soft
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5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT Figure 5.17: Ma
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6 Generating anisotropic seismic mo
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6.2. STRESS-SENSITIVE ROCK PHYSICS
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6.3. A MICRO-STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR N
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Page 141 and 142: 6.3. A MICRO-STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR N
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Page 145 and 146: 6.4. CALIBRATION WITH LITERATURE DA
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Page 149 and 150: 6.5. COMPARISON OF ROCK PHYSICS MOD
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Page 153 and 154: 7 Forward modelling of seismic prop
Page 155 and 156: 7.2. SEISMODEL c⃝ WORKFLOW time s
Page 157 and 158: 7.3. RESULTS FROM SIMPLE GEOMECHANI
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Page 165 and 166: 8 Linking geomechanical modelling a
Page 167 and 168: 8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Layer Thickn
Page 169 and 170: 8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Unit E (GPa)
Page 171 and 172: 8.3. RESULTS Marl Vugg 0.8 0.8 Norm
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Page 177 and 178: 8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 8.4 A softe
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Page 181 and 182: 8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 Max SW
Page 183 and 184: 8.5. DISCUSSION pore-pressure being
Page 185 and 186: 8.6. SUMMARY 8.6 Summary • I appl
Page 187 and 188: 9 Conclusions Geological storage wi
Page 189 and 190: calibrate. This model has been cali
Page 191: 9.1. NOVEL CONTRIBUTIONS techniques
Page 195 and 196: Bibliography Abt, D. L., Fischer, K
Page 197 and 198: BIBLIOGRAPHY Gassmann, F., 1951. Ub
Page 199 and 200: BIBLIOGRAPHY Kendall, J.-M., Pilido
Page 201 and 202: BIBLIOGRAPHY Sayers, C. M., 2002. S
Page 203 and 204: BIBLIOGRAPHY White, D., 2009. Monit
Page 205 and 206: A List of Symbols The table below l
Page 207 and 208: B In Support of Carbon Capture and
Page 209 and 210: Both China and India are aggressive
Page 211 and 212: Utsira rock properties vary signifi
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