Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 - bris

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CHAPTER 2. THE WEYBURN CO 2 INJECTION PROJECT 2.2 Weyburn geological setting The Weyburn field is situated in the Williston depositional basin, Saskatchewan, central Canada (Figure 2.1). The basin contains shallow marine sediments deposited from the Cambrian through to the Mesozoic. Figure 2.2 shows some of the major stratigraphic divisions identified in the basin. The Weyburn reservoir is found in the Charles Formation at depths of 1300-1500m. These rocks were formed in a peritidal regression-transgression sequence, depositing carbonates during high-stands and evaporitic dolomites during low-stands. The Weyburn reservoir is situated in the Midale carbonate cycle. The reservoir is usually split into two parts, a lower limestone layer, the Vuggy, and an upper dolostone layer, the Marly. The Vuggy is so named because it contains vugs, or pore cavities larger than the grain size (as opposed to normal pores, which are usually smaller than the grains). The Vuggy is usually split into two components - the shoal and intershoal members. Table 2.1 lists the lithological properties of the rocks that make up the Weyburn reservoir. The seal for this reservoir group is the overlying Midale Evaporite. This was formed during the last phase of regression during deposition of the Midale strata. It consists of low permeability nodular and laminated anhydrite of 2-10m thickness. This bed forms a band of low-permeability caprock across much of Saskatchewan (Wilson et al., 2004). A second important seal is the Mesozoic Lower Watrous member, which lies unconformably on the Carboniferous beds. This member is of mixed lithology, but is generally siliclastic, and forms an impermeable layer due to its Figure 2.1: Geographic location of the Weyburn field taken from Wilson et al. (2004). The field is set in the Williston sedimentary basin, which stretches across much of the north of the USA and central Canada. 10
2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING Figure 2.2: Major stratigraphic groups in the Williston Basin taken from Pendrigh (2004). The Weyburn reservoir is of Carboniferous age, set in the Charles Formation, which makes up part of the Madison Group. Vuggy Shoal Vuggy Intershoal Marly Lithology Coarse grained carbonate Muddy carbonate Microsucrosic dolomite sand Permeability range 10-500mD 0.1-25mD 1-100mD Avg permeability 50mD 3mD 10mD Porosity range 0.12-0.2 0.03-0.12 0.16-0.38 Avg porosity 0.15 0.1 0.26 Thickness 10-22m 10-22m 6-10m Sedimentary facies Marine lagoonal carbonate Low energy lagoonal in- Low energy marine shoal tershoal Table 2.1: Lithological properties of the rocks of the Weyburn reservoir. Taken from Wilson et al. (2004). 11
Page 1: Microseismic Monitoring and Geomech
Page 5 and 6: Abstract Capture of CO 2 produced a
Page 7 and 8: Author’s Declaration I declare th
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgments There are many thin
Page 11 and 12: Table of Contents Abstract Author
Page 13 and 14: TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.4 Results . . .
Page 15 and 16: Preface ‘Research is not an end i
Page 17 and 18: 6. D. Angus, J-M. Kendall, J.P. Ver
Page 19 and 20: 1 Introduction A technology push ap
Page 21 and 22: 1.2. CCS OVERVIEW Figure 1.2: CCS s
Page 23 and 24: 1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW for CO 2 to be
Page 25 and 26: 1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW as microseismi
Page 27: 2 The Weyburn CO 2 injection projec
Page 31 and 32: 2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING N F
Page 33 and 34: 2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
Page 35 and 36: 2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
Page 37 and 38: 2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Nor
Page 39 and 40: 2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Fig
Page 41 and 42: 2.5. DISCUSSION 500 1000 1100 North
Page 43 and 44: 2.6. SUMMARY 2.6 Summary • CO 2 s
Page 45 and 46: 3 Inverting shear-wave splitting me
Page 47 and 48: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD the additiona
Page 49 and 50: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD 1. P-wave inc
Page 51 and 52: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD 180 160 140 C
Page 53 and 54: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD 2800 2800 260
Page 55 and 56: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD Loop over γ,
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Page 59 and 60: 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN th
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Page 63 and 64: 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ξ
Page 65 and 66: 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN da
Page 67 and 68: 4 2 2 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYB
Page 69 and 70: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.5. DISCUSSION
Page 71 and 72: 3.6. SUMMARY 3.6 Summary • I have
Page 73 and 74: 4 A comparison of microseismic moni
Page 75 and 76: 4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 2400 Velocity
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4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES Pressure (MPa
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4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES 160 140 120 N
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4.4. SHEAR WAVE SPLITTING 50 −3 E
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION In
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION 6
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4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION of
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4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAVE S
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1 1 5 5 30 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF S
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80 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAV
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2 3 3.5 4 5 2 1.8 1.4 4 4.6. INTERP
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4.7. DISCUSSION 4.7 Discussion The
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pressure, P fl σ ′ ij = σ ij
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5.2. EFFECTIVE STRESS AND STRESS PA
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING 5.3.1 Flui
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING MORE FLUID
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5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING (a) (b) Fi
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5.4. RESULTS 0 500 1000 Depth (m) 1
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5.4. RESULTS 1 0.9 0.8 Soft Med Sti
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5.4. RESULTS Overburden Extension i
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5.4. RESULTS 1z:100x:100y 1z:100x:5
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5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT 1 0.9 0.8 Soft
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5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT Figure 5.17: Ma
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6 Generating anisotropic seismic mo
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6.2. STRESS-SENSITIVE ROCK PHYSICS
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6.3. A MICRO-STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR N
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6.4. CALIBRATION WITH LITERATURE DA
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6.4. CALIBRATION WITH LITERATURE DA
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6.5. COMPARISON OF ROCK PHYSICS MOD
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6.5. COMPARISON OF ROCK PHYSICS MOD
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7 Forward modelling of seismic prop
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7.2. SEISMODEL c⃝ WORKFLOW time s
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7.3. RESULTS FROM SIMPLE GEOMECHANI
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7.4. SUMMARY 7.4 Summary • I have
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8 Linking geomechanical modelling a
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8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Layer Thickn
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8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Unit E (GPa)
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8.3. RESULTS Marl Vugg 0.8 0.8 Norm
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8.3. RESULTS 15 10 Injector Produce
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8.3. RESULTS 2000 15 2000 15 1500 1
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8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 8.4 A softe
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8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 15 200
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8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 Max SW
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8.5. DISCUSSION pore-pressure being
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8.6. SUMMARY 8.6 Summary • I appl
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9 Conclusions Geological storage wi
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calibrate. This model has been cali
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9.1. NOVEL CONTRIBUTIONS techniques
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9.2. FUTURE WORK Finally, the compa
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Bibliography Abt, D. L., Fischer, K
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Gassmann, F., 1951. Ub
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Kendall, J.-M., Pilido
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Sayers, C. M., 2002. S
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BIBLIOGRAPHY White, D., 2009. Monit
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A List of Symbols The table below l
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B In Support of Carbon Capture and
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Both China and India are aggressive
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Utsira rock properties vary signifi
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Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 - bris

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