Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 - bris

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CHAPTER 4. A COMPARISON OF MICROSEISMIC MONITORING OF FRACTURE STIMULATION DUE TO WATER VERSUS CO 2 INJECTION Sh Sv P Sr (before) P S St (before) Sr (after) P S St (after) P S P S P S P S P S (a) (b) Before After (c) (d) Figure 4.20: An example of a typical null splitting result. The fast direction (given by ‘fast’ in (d) is close to the S-wave polarisation (‘spol’ in (d)), so no splitting occurs. As a result, there is no energy on the initial transverse component (b), and so the inversion approach, which is based on minimising the energy on the transverse component, is not reliable. 74
1 1 5 5 30 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAVE SPLITTING RESULTS 330° 0° 30° Anisotropy [%] 9 8 300° 60° 7 6 270° 90° 5 4 3 240° 120° 2 1 210° 180° 150° 0 (a) 180 10 20 60 100 0.2 Fracture strike (α) 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 10 5 20 40 100 60 10 200 80 40 40 60 80 30 30 20 100 100 80 80 30 100 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 Fracture density (ξ) 200 60 40 60 40 200 100 60 60 8080 200 200 γ 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 5 10 60 80 100 30 20 30 100 40 200 40 80 60 60 80 100 200 100 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 Fracture density (ξ) 200 80 100 200 200 (b) γ 0.2 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 200 200 200 0.08 100 100 100 80 60 0.06 40 30 30 20 10 5 0.04 1 1 1 1 5 10 20 20 0.02 30 30 40 40 60 60 80 80 0 100 100 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Fracture Strike (α) 80 60 40 20 10 5 5 1 1 5 5 10 (d) 80 60 40 30 20 10 20 30 40 60 10 80 (c) Figure 4.21: Synthetic inversion for a case with no fractures. This case uses the arrivals from the real data, which are subhorizontal. In (a) I plot an upper hemisphere projection of the synthetic data (coloured ticks) and the best fit model splitting results (thin ticks and contours) in the same format as Figure 3.5a. The initial elastic model has γ=0.04 and δ=0.1, with no fractures present (ξ=0). As the inversion is not sensitive to δ, we plot the misfit contours as a function of γ, α and ξ. The inversion accurately identifies γ and the lack of fractures. 75
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Microseismic Monitoring and Geomech
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Abstract Capture of CO 2 produced a
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Author’s Declaration I declare th
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Acknowledgments There are many thin
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Table of Contents Abstract Author
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.4 Results . . .
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Preface ‘Research is not an end i
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6. D. Angus, J-M. Kendall, J.P. Ver
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1 Introduction A technology push ap
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1.2. CCS OVERVIEW Figure 1.2: CCS s
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1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW for CO 2 to be
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1.3. THESIS OVERVIEW as microseismi
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2 The Weyburn CO 2 injection projec
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2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING Fig
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2.2. WEYBURN GEOLOGICAL SETTING N F
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS 500
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Nor
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2.4. EVENT TIMING AND LOCATIONS Fig
Page 41 and 42: 2.5. DISCUSSION 500 1000 1100 North
Page 43 and 44: 2.6. SUMMARY 2.6 Summary • CO 2 s
Page 45 and 46: 3 Inverting shear-wave splitting me
Page 47 and 48: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD the additiona
Page 49 and 50: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD 1. P-wave inc
Page 51 and 52: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD 180 160 140 C
Page 53 and 54: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD 2800 2800 260
Page 55 and 56: 3.2. INVERSION METHOD Loop over γ,
Page 57 and 58: 20 10 5 5 1 20 30 40 80 100 60 40 1
Page 59 and 60: 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN th
Page 61 and 62: 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ei
Page 63 and 64: 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN ξ
Page 65 and 66: 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYBURN da
Page 67 and 68: 4 2 2 3.4. SWS MEASUREMENTS AT WEYB
Page 69 and 70: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.5. DISCUSSION
Page 71 and 72: 3.6. SUMMARY 3.6 Summary • I have
Page 73 and 74: 4 A comparison of microseismic moni
Page 75 and 76: 4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 2400 Velocity
Page 77 and 78: 4.2. EVENT LOCATIONS 200 150 Northi
Page 79 and 80: 4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES Pressure (MPa
Page 81 and 82: 4.3. EVENT MAGNITUDES 160 140 120 N
Page 83 and 84: 4.4. SHEAR WAVE SPLITTING 50 −3 E
Page 85 and 86: 4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION In
Page 87 and 88: 4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION 6
Page 89 and 90: 4.5. INITIAL S-WAVE POLARISATION of
Page 91: 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAVE S
Page 95 and 96: 80 4.6. INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR WAV
Page 97 and 98: 2 3 3.5 4 5 2 1.8 1.4 4 4.6. INTERP
Page 99 and 100: 4.7. DISCUSSION 4.7 Discussion The
Page 101 and 102: pressure, P fl σ ′ ij = σ ij
Page 103 and 104: 5.2. EFFECTIVE STRESS AND STRESS PA
Page 105 and 106: 5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING 5.3.1 Flui
Page 107 and 108: 5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING MORE FLUID
Page 109 and 110: 5.3. NUMERICAL MODELLING (a) (b) Fi
Page 111 and 112: 5.4. RESULTS 0 500 1000 Depth (m) 1
Page 113 and 114: 5.4. RESULTS 1 0.9 0.8 Soft Med Sti
Page 115 and 116: 5.4. RESULTS Overburden Extension i
Page 117 and 118: 5.4. RESULTS 1z:100x:100y 1z:100x:5
Page 119 and 120: 5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT 1 0.9 0.8 Soft
Page 121 and 122: 5.5. SURFACE UPLIFT Figure 5.17: Ma
Page 123 and 124: 6 Generating anisotropic seismic mo
Page 125 and 126: 6.2. STRESS-SENSITIVE ROCK PHYSICS
Page 127 and 128: 6.3. A MICRO-STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR N
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6.3. A MICRO-STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR N
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6.4. CALIBRATION WITH LITERATURE DA
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6.4. CALIBRATION WITH LITERATURE DA
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6.5. COMPARISON OF ROCK PHYSICS MOD
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6.5. COMPARISON OF ROCK PHYSICS MOD
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7 Forward modelling of seismic prop
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7.2. SEISMODEL c⃝ WORKFLOW time s
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7.3. RESULTS FROM SIMPLE GEOMECHANI
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7.4. SUMMARY 7.4 Summary • I have
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8 Linking geomechanical modelling a
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8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Layer Thickn
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8.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION Unit E (GPa)
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8.3. RESULTS Marl Vugg 0.8 0.8 Norm
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8.3. RESULTS 15 10 Injector Produce
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8.3. RESULTS 2000 15 2000 15 1500 1
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8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 8.4 A softe
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8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 15 200
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8.4. A SOFTER RESERVOIR 2000 Max SW
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8.5. DISCUSSION pore-pressure being
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8.6. SUMMARY 8.6 Summary • I appl
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9 Conclusions Geological storage wi
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calibrate. This model has been cali
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9.1. NOVEL CONTRIBUTIONS techniques
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9.2. FUTURE WORK Finally, the compa
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Bibliography Abt, D. L., Fischer, K
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Gassmann, F., 1951. Ub
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Kendall, J.-M., Pilido
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Sayers, C. M., 2002. S
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BIBLIOGRAPHY White, D., 2009. Monit
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A List of Symbols The table below l
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B In Support of Carbon Capture and
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Both China and India are aggressive
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Utsira rock properties vary signifi
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Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 - bris

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