Untitled - Ministerstwo Rozwoju Regionalnego

Table 2. Innovation processes models
MODEL GENERATION TIME OF OCCURRENCE
Technology push innovation model 1960s
Market pull innovation model 1970s
Interactive (coupling) model 1980s
Integrated model 1990s
Simultaneous, system integration model turn of the 20th and 21st centuries
Source: own study.
The period 1960-1980 was dominated by the linear innovation model. This is
a process initiated by a scientific discovery followed by a number of development
stages and completed by the final product entered on the market. Research
and development is considered to be the necessary discovery work preceding
innovation. This model accented the technology push aspect where the
development of knowledge and techniques assuming the form of inventions,
discoveries and theoretical development provide the original impetus. By emphasising
the supply aspects, he limited the role of know-how in the production
process, this being considered to be one of its drawbacks. Feedback between
particular stages of the innovation process was also neglected. The model highlighted
R&D and its importance in innovation processes. As R&D is not a prerequisite
for innovation processes and the sole source of ideas, the linear model
was rejected.
Apart from the technology push model, which carries considerable risk of
market failure, there is a market pull model of the innovation process, which appeared
in the second half of the 1960s as a result of growing competition and research
studies on market demand, which brought to attention the role of demand
factors in the success of innovations on the market.
Excessive simplification of the linear model as compared to the innovation
process caused rejection of the model and its replacement in the mid eighties by
interactive models. The first was the coupled interaction model by Kline and Rosenberg
called “chain linked model”. The second is the “coupling model” by R.
Rothwell and W. Zegveld. This model lays emphasis on the complexity of the innovation
process and the need to fall back to earlier stages. This is connected
with feedback of particular elements of the innovation process at the stage of
development and diffusion. The first model presented innovation activity in
terms of interaction between demand and opportunities created by the market
and scientific and technical capacity of the enterprise. The most important element
here is accumulated knowledge. The second model embraces internal and
external relations with emphasis on design engineering, mutual feedback of
market and technological engineering stages of innovation, the link between
R&D, production and marketing and between companies and institutions. Emphasis
is laid on the need to see new market opportunities or a new product in
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