Untitled - Ministerstwo Rozwoju Regionalnego

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according to the linear innovation model channel scientific and technological progress. The second generation policy concentrates on the players of innovation processes (with reference to the chain linked model), their networking and the role of infrastructure. It also appreciates the value of assistance at the regional and local level and in consequence leads to development of regional support institutions. Decentralisation and focus on mezoeconomics result in the identification of clusters 9 as the key factors for innovative development of regions. Growing importance is also attributed to Regional Innovation Systems (RIS) 10 . The third generation innovation policy has not yet fully developed, but has taken the form of goals and development trends that this policy should adopt. 44 Innovation models Network models, integrated, continuous innovation Chain Linked Model Innovation Line Model I generation innovation policy (focus on science policy, support for specific technologies and high - tech products) 2nd generation innovation policy (mutual impact of innovation process players, focus on regional innovation strategies, globalization of innovation) 3rd generation innovation policy (horizontal, interdisciplinary proinnovation policy, coordinating policies on all levels, social aspect of innovation) mid 1980s mid 1990s early 21st century Fig. 4. Correlations between various innovation policies Source: J. Markiewicz, Instytucje otoczenia biznesu jako czynnik wzrostu innowacyjnoœci sektora MSP w województwie zachodniopomorskim, Cf.: S. Pangsy-Kania, Polityka innowacyjna pañstwa a narodowa strategia konkurencyjnego rozwoju, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdañskiego, Gdañsk 2007, pp. 152-154; A. H. Jasiñski, Innowacje i polityka innowacyjna, Wydawnictwo UwB, Bia³ystok 1997, pp. 113-116. 9 A cluster is a geographical concentration of mutually linked companies, specialised suppliers, service providers, companies operating in related sectors and related institutions (e.g. universities, standardisation units and sectoral associations) in particular areas both competing and cooperating with each other. More in M Porter: M Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press, A Division of Macmillan, New York 1990. More on the subject of clusters in paragraph 22.3 of this study. 10 Regional Innovation Strategies are described in section 22.3.2 of this study.
The ongoing processes in contemporary economy, particularly the shift to knowledge-based economy, constitute the core that affects the shape of innovation-driven postulates. Thus, we can state that emphasis is put on the key importance of innovation in all economic sectors, science and public life, and innovation policies assume a more progressing horizontal and interdisciplinary character. The main goal of macroeconomic innovation-oriented measures is greater competitiveness of the national economy 11 , in practice however, this is a bundle of objectives. This classification of macroeconomic innovation policy goals has been adopted by OECD countries: It involves the following group objectives 12 : a) military, in terms of greater national defence capability; b) social, in terms of better healthcare, protection of the natural environment, improved occupational safety and work hygiene as well as social protection of employees and protection of the living standards of the nation (food management, housing, etc.); c) economic – aimed at rationalising the use of resources and competitiveness of the national economy; d) scientific – aimed at improving efficiency of research activities and the conditions for their development. By adopting state innovation policies, economic policies are to improve innovative capacity of the entire economy, defined as the capacity and motivation of entrepreneurs to continuously look for and apply the results of scientific research and development, new concepts, ideas, inventions, improvement and development of applied production technologies for tangible and intangible products (services), introduction of new organisational and management methods and techniques, upgrading and development of infrastructure and knowledge resources 13 . The following should therefore be deemed as the most important: – the development of mechanisms and structures favouring innovative measures 14 ; 11 The main objective written, as for example, ensuring prosperity of the people and social and economic development of the country by, inter alia, growing competitiveness of the national economy, can be called a mission. Gaining competitive advantage is strictly linked to comparative advantages resulting from specialisation in the international division of labour. These advantages result from a relatively auspicious possession of production factors by a given state and the appropriate cost/demand structure, the economies of scale effects, etc. The theory of comparative costs was developed by D. Ricardo. Cf.: W. Grzywacz: Wspó³czesne problemy..., pp. 46–47. 12 Polityka gospodarcza..., p. 397; Nowe tendencje w polityce naukowej krajów OECD. Warsaw 1972, p. 6. 13 Zwiêkszanie innowacyjnoœci gospodarki w Polsce do 2006 r. <strong>Ministerstwo</strong> Gospodarki, Departament Strategii Gospodarczej, [Improving economy innovation in Poland till 2006 Ministry of Economy Economic Strategy Department] July 2000. Governmental document approved by the Council of Ministers on 11 July 2000 http://www.mg.gov.struktur/DSG/sg_innow/menu.htm. 14 “Thanks to an adequate innovation policy and related financial mechanisms, Poland has an opportunity to evolve from an agricultural and heavy industry country into one manufacturing highly 45
Page 4 and 5: Contents FOREWORD (Jan Burnewicz)..
Page 6 and 7: 9.4. Security of information.......
Page 8 and 9: 20.3. Factors stimulating the devel
Page 10 and 11: great and has brought measurable ef
Page 12 and 13: The theory of innovation was introd
Page 14 and 15: According to Robert U. Ayres, who p
Page 16 and 17: tions may be of technological, orga
Page 18 and 19: 1.2. Innovation features Innovation
Page 20 and 21: The sources of innovation embrace a
Page 22 and 23: Table 2. Innovation processes model
Page 24 and 25: of techniques. Strategic integratio
Page 26 and 27: 32. Sudo³ S., Przedsiêbiorstwo pr
Page 28 and 29: land, attempts were made in the ear
Page 30 and 31: English 9 . As can be seen, the phr
Page 32 and 33: The European Union, being an area o
Page 34 and 35: tives of member states and associat
Page 36 and 37: - a direct result of research which
Page 38 and 39: is, in particular, the response to
Page 40 and 41: 2.6. Bibliography 1. Blaug M., Teor
Page 42 and 43: stems from the economic policy 3 ,
Page 46 and 47: - the shaping and consolidation of
Page 48 and 49: Treaty of Amsterdam (“Research an
Page 50 and 51: Unfortunately, the first period of
Page 52 and 53: and technical subjects in several a
Page 54 and 55: Fig. 5), where growing competitiven
Page 56 and 57: Table 8. Innovation performance of
Page 58 and 59: 0,700 0,600 0,500 0,400 0,300 0,200
Page 60 and 61: 3.3. Polish innovation policy In Po
Page 62 and 63: lopment in the future, e.g. Turkey,
Page 64 and 65: 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Page 66 and 67: - 6.4 billion euro to be provided b
Page 68 and 69: knowledge-based economy is the only
Page 70 and 71: - arising during business activity,
Page 72 and 73: - the use of advanced methods and t
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 4 A STUDY OF INNOVATIVE TRE
Page 76 and 77: In more recent centuries, though, t
Page 78 and 79: economic development. In this diagn
Page 80 and 81: placing private car use with public
Page 82 and 83: The prime module of modern transpor
Page 84 and 85: cialisation. 33 What this notion ac
Page 86 and 87: era in technology, but had no comme
Page 88 and 89: ecome a matter of honour for major
Page 90 and 91: Fig. 14. A Toyota FT-EV at Detroit
Page 92 and 93: Fuel Cell Vehicles - FCV) 75 are a
Page 94 and 95:
94 - Toyota FCHV 81 is another of T
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- Daimler Mercedes-Benz Citaro fuel
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ange. The popularity of hybrid pass
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X2000 116 , the Finnish S220 117 ,
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•Commercial Turboprop Service •
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dards 138 . Intense activity can al
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- new technologies of winter inland
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Fig.18.Vélib-abicycle rental syste
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tional and EU authorities as well a
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National Highway Research Laborator
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innovation in terms of rail shape a
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Infrastructural innovations aim at
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14. Konings R., ThijsR., Foldable C
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tainable competitive advantage in t
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ten years. Technological innovation
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ticians, researchers and practition
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show that it is the time of respons
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gies were gaining more importance i
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chain at a strategic level and focu
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sary for company management and for
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- Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
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effective solution of logistic task
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- thermostat warehouse. Automation
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assess the productivity of the rend
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15. Follow the leaders. Scoring hig
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Chapter 6 NEW-GENERATION TRANSPORT
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1. The Panama Canal bridge 2. The B
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Among intercontinental crossings is
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Each human action has an effect on
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monious effect remains ingrained de
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Regrettably, the project was not co
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6.7. Bibliography 1. Brown D. J., M
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The purpose of this chapter is not
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7 8 9 10 11 12 Improving road safet
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Table 20. Satellite navigation in t
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predict a traffic jam on a specific
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of rail tracks, inspections and tes
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9. Roads. Galileo Application Sheet
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transport modes, infrastructure and
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- plan the routes and optimize park
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ies. In modern logistics systems, t
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Fig. 33. Option II of vehicle route
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Optimization of route selection dep
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Chapter 9 NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOG
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uilding. The competitive advantage
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- systems for planning and optimiza
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and consist of defining information
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2. Naporowska E., Warunki rozwoju e
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10.2. Factors causing changes in ur
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10.3. Model description of modern u
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The French urban transport organiza
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petitiveness of urban transport wit
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a system of rewards and penalties b
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sales of tickets received on the ba
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Chapter 11 SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILI
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einstate the proper role of environ
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European cities had already been af
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limiting car use, especially in cit
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- support instruments for measures
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City-wide Campaigns Innovative dema
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ture, of consistent cycle-promoting
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should be treated preferentially in
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is that the bicycle is quite simply
Page 221 and 222:
Fig. 40. Comparison of various tran
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struggle with inappropriate pavemen
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Bicycle racks Other amenities They
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Table 30. Comparison of percentage
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12.8. Bibliography 1. Cycling: the
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and using nuclear, solar, water or
Page 233 and 234:
methods of performance enhancement
Page 235 and 236:
Table 31. Timeline of Euro standard
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10. Smalko Z., Sznytko J., Kierunki
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Transport activity, a complementary
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sis for making them more dynamic. I
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The literature of the subject menti
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specific nature of new markets and
Page 247 and 248:
In this context, the operation of T
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Chapter 15 FACTORS INFLUENCING MODA
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- to improve the understanding of u
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The fiscal function of the charges
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15.3. Examples of How Differentiate
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- increasing the accepted weight of
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Still, from a technological viewpoi
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At last, one notices that the natur
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operation it results from, whereas
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16.6. New qualitative preference of
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The importance of quality of servic
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Chapter 17 TRENDS IN WORLD SHIPPING
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17.2. World seaborne trade and the
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Table 37. World fleet size in the 1
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day in 2011, compared with 83.3 mil
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hicles at the end of 2005 to 168 ca
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ate of BSR countries is higher than
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In the BSR, as well as the entire E
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2005, the volume of cargo handled i
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Among the trends of the EU transpor
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enlarge loading capacity at minimum
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18.5. Port business diversification
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18.6. Relations with port cities, r
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Chapter 19 MODERN ENVIRONMENTAL MAN
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Green Paper on the Impact of Transp
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- new tasks have appeared in connec
Page 299 and 300:
this area resulted in the Greening
Page 301 and 302:
activities aimed at separating dema
Page 303 and 304:
It is also worth noting that energy
Page 305 and 306:
Table 41. The most likely growth sc
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Table 42. Towards sustainable trans
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such. The use of the existing infra
Page 311 and 312:
Chapter 20 DEVELOPEMNT OF INTERNATI
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tional logistics strengthened, and
Page 315 and 316:
Paradoxically, we can say that the
Page 317 and 318:
their financial resources (by 2008)
Page 319 and 320:
At present, there are 15 Euroregion
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4) international financial relation
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Where: F= number of trips between t
Page 325 and 326:
6. Logistyka w internacjonalizacjio
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prastructure and logistics services
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In the 1980s, more factors appeared
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which plans to cover the whole coun
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and Eastern Europe, it is only a lo
Page 335 and 336:
to open for market economy. It led
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used and where the full range of co
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of intralogistics (see Fig. 68). Th
Page 341 and 342:
sulting in the creation of new of s
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changes refers mainly to these sect
Page 345 and 346:
costs. Because of the “bypassing
Page 347 and 348:
5. Bogaschewsky R., Globale Beschaf
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this theory, a natural course of de
Page 351 and 352:
On the other hand, the company’s
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a basis, particularly the evaluatio
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The ‘list of risks’ method cons
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the success of this risk descriptio
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It must be stressed that what is at
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Partial formalization in the proces
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etween those types of investments c
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other sectors of the economy. Such
Page 367 and 368:
Comparative analysis of innovative
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on presenting periodical payment in
Page 371 and 372:
time) of a new solution that has no
Page 373 and 374:
12. Pietrzyka B., Klasyfikacja prze
Page 375 and 376:
activities more attractive (quads 1
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interdisciplinary, although individ
Page 379 and 380:
tem and modal deficiencies of conte
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Hydrogen propulsion is becoming ano
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can be regarded as the most importa
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lift-sharing, also called car-pooli
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A large group of technologies, give
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Every human activity has an impact
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The most useful function of road ca
Page 393 and 394:
a growing number of inhabitants liv
Page 395 and 396:
nation-wide promotional campaigns a
Page 397 and 398:
As for innovations aimed at using a
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of freight on a given route, shapin
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and development of ports as land-se
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of economy: they are high in consum
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than potential profits the innovati
Page 407 and 408:
PODSUMOWANIE I WNIOSKI (Jan Burnewi
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nia od podstaw w wybranych regionac
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ski. Strategicznym (nadrzêdnym) ce
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struktorów samochodów elektryczny
Page 415 and 416:
opracowan¹ z myœl¹ o ograniczeni
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acji lotniska i l¹dowiska. Wœród
Page 419 and 420:
w¹tpliwych efektów wdra¿ania now
Page 421 and 422:
œwiecie koncepcji i nowych rozwi¹
Page 423 and 424:
nologie budownictwa infrastruktural
Page 425 and 426:
TEN wpisany zosta³ projekt europej
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staw/ w ramach sieci dostaw (certyf
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nych), takich jak wprowadzanie ró
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obytu ludzie staj¹ siê coraz bard
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Trzy pierwsze typy procesów innowa
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który musi opracowywaæ nowatorski
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Przemiany technologiczne i innowacy
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ne uwidoczni³a siê ju¿ pod konie
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nia logistycznego, • stosowanie f
Page 443 and 444:
Formalizacja oceny ryzyka w innowac
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List of tables Table 1. Innovation
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Table 50. Time horizon of risk fact
Page 449 and 450:
Fig. 24. Strategic crossings within
Page 451 and 452:
About Authors El¿bieta Adamowicz:
Page 453:
Michel Savy: Professor in the Unive
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Untitled - Ministerstwo Rozwoju Regionalnego

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