Untitled - Ministerstwo Rozwoju Regionalnego

3.3. Polish innovation policy
In Poland, innovation policy in macro terms is limited due to the financial difficulties
of the State and stalling tactics in restructuring budget expenditure on
development activities. Everyday social and structural needs, backwardness in
many economic sectors (agriculture, mining industry and others) mean that
R&D funding including innovation activity remains low. This situation is presented
in Table 10 and Table 11.
Table 10. Outlays and employment in research and development activity in chosen countries
in 1999
Country
total
(million USD c )
Outlays (current prices) Employment
GDP share
(%)
Per capita
(US)
Total
Including R&D
employees
per 1000 employable
Poland 2 493.4 0.75 64.5 82 368 3.3
Germany 47 625.2 2.44 580.2 465 550 6.0
Spain 6 369.4 0.89 161.6 102 237 3.7
Finland 37 490 3.19 725.9 50 604 9.9
Japan 94 722.7 3.04 747.7 919 132 9.7
Italy (1997) 13 866.8 1.04 240.6 141 732 3.3
United States 243 548 2.64 892.1 1 114 100 8.1
Russia 8 053.7 0.93 55.1 967.499 6.8
Hungary 776.1 0.68 77.1 21 329 3.1
Slovakia 402.2 0.68 74.5 1 4849 3.6
Czech Republic 1 769.9 1.29 172.1 24 106 2.6
South Korea 18 543.7 2.46 395.7 137 874 4.6
Turkey (1997) 1 996.9 0.49 31.3 23 432 0.8
Mexico (1997) 3 299.8 0.40 33.9 33 292 0.6
a
Without depreciation and fixed assets.
b
In equivalent to full time employment.
c
Purchasing power parity.
Source: Republic of Poland Statistical Yearbook GUS, Warsaw 2001.
Table 11. Basic indicators in research and development activity in Poland in the years 1995–2000
Specification
Outlays
1995 1998 1999 2000
a for R&D (current prices)
Share of Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) in GDP (%): 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.70 b
Per capita (PLN) 55 104 119 124
Employment in research and development activity per 1000 employable 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.6
Including R&D employees 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.2
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