Untitled - Ministerstwo Rozwoju Regionalnego

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The biggest growth in energy consumption is observed in the following countries: Portugal – 66%, Spain – 72%, Ireland – 79% or Slovenia – 47%. On the other hand, other transition economies show a decline in energy consumption. These countries include the Baltic States, with an average decrease in energy consumption of 50%. Also Hungary decreased its final energy consumption by 6% respectively, while Poland noted 2% increase. There is growing concern about what is happening because the pollution caused by transport directly affects our health. Almost 25% of EU population live within less than 500 metres from roads with the annual traffic of over 3 million vehicles, the result being loss of almost four million years of life due to high pollution levels. 19.4. Challenges of future transport sector development Experiences since 1992, evaluation of the degree to which the objectives of transport policy of 2001 have been attained, as well as analyses and forecasts developed indicate that the measures taken so far are not sufficient to provide for further attainment of the fundamental objectives of EU policy, in particular to control the environmental impact and other adverse effects of transportation while providing for mobility as the most significant objective of transport policy. It seems necessary that mutually complementary activities be taken at all levels of administration, at EU, national, regional and local levels, as well as action on the part of the citizens themselves and the industry. The European policy on sustainable mobility must thus be based on a wider set of tools enabling switching to more environment friendly means of transport where desirable, in long distance transport in particular, in urban areas and in congested corridors. At the same time, each means of transport must be optimized, more environment friendly, safe and efficient in terms of energy consumption. And finally, intermodality, that is effective use of various means of transport independently and in combination with others, can lead to optimum and sustainable use of transport resources. Based on ASSESS project report forecasts, which constitute a basis for progress report on the attainment of transport policy objectives of 2001, we can conclude that transport will continue to develop along the observed trends. Table 41 presents expected growth rates in individual transport modes. Figure 58 presents present-day relations between transport, society and economy. On the one hand, there are the benefits of transport development to economy and society, but on the other, there are transport-related costs. 303
Table 41. The most likely growth scenario of transport operations in EU-25 between 2000-2020 GDP 52% Cargo transport total 50% Passenger transport total 35% Road freight 55% Railway freight 13% Short-see shipping 59% Inland navigation 28% Private car use 36% Railway passenger transport 19% Air transport 108% Source: Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament entitled Keep Europe moving - Sustainable mobility for our continent. Mid-term review of the European Commission’s White Paper on transport 2001, COM(2006) 314, 22.06.2006, p.30. The main challenge for the transport policy decision makers is to manage the sector in such a way as to maximize the benefits at minimum costs. There is a lot to do in the area of optimization of demand for both passenger and cargo 304 ENABLES Transport services • Enable mobility of people and goods • Improve accessibility of workplaces, schools etc. HINDERS Economic growth • Growth of industrial output • Growth of disposable income • Growth of consumption Economic and environmental effects • Emissions (conventional and GHGs) • Congestion • Transport accidents • Acoustic climate, etc. CAUSES Impact of transport • Increased number of travels • Growth in car use • Changes in modal split • Increased urbanization CREATES Fig. 58. How transport interacts with economy and society Source: Mobility 2030: Meeting the challenges to sustainability, Full Report 2004, WBCSD 2004.
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Contents FOREWORD (Jan Burnewicz)..
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9.4. Security of information.......
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20.3. Factors stimulating the devel
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great and has brought measurable ef
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The theory of innovation was introd
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According to Robert U. Ayres, who p
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tions may be of technological, orga
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1.2. Innovation features Innovation
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The sources of innovation embrace a
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Table 2. Innovation processes model
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of techniques. Strategic integratio
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32. Sudo³ S., Przedsiêbiorstwo pr
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land, attempts were made in the ear
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English 9 . As can be seen, the phr
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The European Union, being an area o
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tives of member states and associat
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- a direct result of research which
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is, in particular, the response to
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2.6. Bibliography 1. Blaug M., Teor
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stems from the economic policy 3 ,
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according to the linear innovation
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- the shaping and consolidation of
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Treaty of Amsterdam (“Research an
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Unfortunately, the first period of
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and technical subjects in several a
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Fig. 5), where growing competitiven
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Table 8. Innovation performance of
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0,700 0,600 0,500 0,400 0,300 0,200
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3.3. Polish innovation policy In Po
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lopment in the future, e.g. Turkey,
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1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
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- 6.4 billion euro to be provided b
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knowledge-based economy is the only
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- arising during business activity,
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- the use of advanced methods and t
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Chapter 4 A STUDY OF INNOVATIVE TRE
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In more recent centuries, though, t
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economic development. In this diagn
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placing private car use with public
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The prime module of modern transpor
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cialisation. 33 What this notion ac
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era in technology, but had no comme
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ecome a matter of honour for major
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Fig. 14. A Toyota FT-EV at Detroit
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Fuel Cell Vehicles - FCV) 75 are a
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94 - Toyota FCHV 81 is another of T
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- Daimler Mercedes-Benz Citaro fuel
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ange. The popularity of hybrid pass
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X2000 116 , the Finnish S220 117 ,
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•Commercial Turboprop Service •
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dards 138 . Intense activity can al
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- new technologies of winter inland
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Fig.18.Vélib-abicycle rental syste
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tional and EU authorities as well a
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National Highway Research Laborator
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innovation in terms of rail shape a
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Infrastructural innovations aim at
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14. Konings R., ThijsR., Foldable C
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tainable competitive advantage in t
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ten years. Technological innovation
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ticians, researchers and practition
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show that it is the time of respons
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gies were gaining more importance i
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chain at a strategic level and focu
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sary for company management and for
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- Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
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effective solution of logistic task
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- thermostat warehouse. Automation
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assess the productivity of the rend
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15. Follow the leaders. Scoring hig
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Chapter 6 NEW-GENERATION TRANSPORT
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1. The Panama Canal bridge 2. The B
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Among intercontinental crossings is
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Each human action has an effect on
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monious effect remains ingrained de
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Regrettably, the project was not co
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6.7. Bibliography 1. Brown D. J., M
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The purpose of this chapter is not
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7 8 9 10 11 12 Improving road safet
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Table 20. Satellite navigation in t
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predict a traffic jam on a specific
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of rail tracks, inspections and tes
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9. Roads. Galileo Application Sheet
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transport modes, infrastructure and
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- plan the routes and optimize park
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ies. In modern logistics systems, t
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Fig. 33. Option II of vehicle route
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Optimization of route selection dep
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Chapter 9 NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOG
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uilding. The competitive advantage
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- systems for planning and optimiza
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and consist of defining information
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2. Naporowska E., Warunki rozwoju e
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10.2. Factors causing changes in ur
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10.3. Model description of modern u
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The French urban transport organiza
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petitiveness of urban transport wit
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a system of rewards and penalties b
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sales of tickets received on the ba
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Chapter 11 SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILI
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einstate the proper role of environ
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European cities had already been af
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limiting car use, especially in cit
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- support instruments for measures
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City-wide Campaigns Innovative dema
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ture, of consistent cycle-promoting
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should be treated preferentially in
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is that the bicycle is quite simply
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Fig. 40. Comparison of various tran
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struggle with inappropriate pavemen
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Bicycle racks Other amenities They
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Table 30. Comparison of percentage
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12.8. Bibliography 1. Cycling: the
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and using nuclear, solar, water or
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methods of performance enhancement
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Table 31. Timeline of Euro standard
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10. Smalko Z., Sznytko J., Kierunki
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Transport activity, a complementary
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sis for making them more dynamic. I
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The literature of the subject menti
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specific nature of new markets and
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In this context, the operation of T
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Chapter 15 FACTORS INFLUENCING MODA
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- to improve the understanding of u
Page 253 and 254: The fiscal function of the charges
Page 255 and 256: 15.3. Examples of How Differentiate
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Page 259 and 260: Still, from a technological viewpoi
Page 261 and 262: At last, one notices that the natur
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Page 265 and 266: 16.6. New qualitative preference of
Page 267 and 268: The importance of quality of servic
Page 269 and 270: Chapter 17 TRENDS IN WORLD SHIPPING
Page 271 and 272: 17.2. World seaborne trade and the
Page 273 and 274: Table 37. World fleet size in the 1
Page 275 and 276: day in 2011, compared with 83.3 mil
Page 277 and 278: hicles at the end of 2005 to 168 ca
Page 279 and 280: ate of BSR countries is higher than
Page 281 and 282: In the BSR, as well as the entire E
Page 283 and 284: 2005, the volume of cargo handled i
Page 285 and 286: Among the trends of the EU transpor
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Page 289 and 290: 18.5. Port business diversification
Page 291 and 292: 18.6. Relations with port cities, r
Page 293 and 294: Chapter 19 MODERN ENVIRONMENTAL MAN
Page 295 and 296: Green Paper on the Impact of Transp
Page 297 and 298: - new tasks have appeared in connec
Page 299 and 300: this area resulted in the Greening
Page 301 and 302: activities aimed at separating dema
Page 303: It is also worth noting that energy
Page 307 and 308: Table 42. Towards sustainable trans
Page 309 and 310: such. The use of the existing infra
Page 311 and 312: Chapter 20 DEVELOPEMNT OF INTERNATI
Page 313 and 314: tional logistics strengthened, and
Page 315 and 316: Paradoxically, we can say that the
Page 317 and 318: their financial resources (by 2008)
Page 319 and 320: At present, there are 15 Euroregion
Page 321 and 322: 4) international financial relation
Page 323 and 324: Where: F= number of trips between t
Page 325 and 326: 6. Logistyka w internacjonalizacjio
Page 327 and 328: prastructure and logistics services
Page 329 and 330: In the 1980s, more factors appeared
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Page 335 and 336: to open for market economy. It led
Page 337 and 338: used and where the full range of co
Page 339 and 340: of intralogistics (see Fig. 68). Th
Page 341 and 342: sulting in the creation of new of s
Page 343 and 344: changes refers mainly to these sect
Page 345 and 346: costs. Because of the “bypassing
Page 347 and 348: 5. Bogaschewsky R., Globale Beschaf
Page 349 and 350: this theory, a natural course of de
Page 351 and 352: On the other hand, the company’s
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The ‘list of risks’ method cons
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the success of this risk descriptio
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It must be stressed that what is at
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Partial formalization in the proces
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etween those types of investments c
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other sectors of the economy. Such
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Comparative analysis of innovative
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on presenting periodical payment in
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time) of a new solution that has no
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12. Pietrzyka B., Klasyfikacja prze
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activities more attractive (quads 1
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interdisciplinary, although individ
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tem and modal deficiencies of conte
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Hydrogen propulsion is becoming ano
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can be regarded as the most importa
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lift-sharing, also called car-pooli
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A large group of technologies, give
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Every human activity has an impact
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The most useful function of road ca
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a growing number of inhabitants liv
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nation-wide promotional campaigns a
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As for innovations aimed at using a
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of freight on a given route, shapin
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and development of ports as land-se
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of economy: they are high in consum
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than potential profits the innovati
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PODSUMOWANIE I WNIOSKI (Jan Burnewi
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nia od podstaw w wybranych regionac
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ski. Strategicznym (nadrzêdnym) ce
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struktorów samochodów elektryczny
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opracowan¹ z myœl¹ o ograniczeni
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acji lotniska i l¹dowiska. Wœród
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w¹tpliwych efektów wdra¿ania now
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œwiecie koncepcji i nowych rozwi¹
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nologie budownictwa infrastruktural
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TEN wpisany zosta³ projekt europej
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staw/ w ramach sieci dostaw (certyf
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nych), takich jak wprowadzanie ró
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obytu ludzie staj¹ siê coraz bard
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Trzy pierwsze typy procesów innowa
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który musi opracowywaæ nowatorski
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Przemiany technologiczne i innowacy
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ne uwidoczni³a siê ju¿ pod konie
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nia logistycznego, • stosowanie f
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Formalizacja oceny ryzyka w innowac
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List of tables Table 1. Innovation
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Table 50. Time horizon of risk fact
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Fig. 24. Strategic crossings within
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About Authors El¿bieta Adamowicz:
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Michel Savy: Professor in the Unive
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