Untitled - Ministerstwo Rozwoju Regionalnego

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State Infrastructure Banks Funds Management Techniques • Matching Strategies – Flexible Match – Tapered Match – Toll Credits – STP Program Match • Advance Construction and Partial Conversion Marketable Revenue Projects Revenue Projects Requiring Credit Assistance Traditional Non-Revenue Projects State loans nistration. As the diagram presented in Fig. 77 indicates, traditional non profit projects are the prevailing form in the American market, which can also be supported by state bonds issued under a special programme, GARVEE - Grant Anticipation Revenue Vehicles. Federal funds are used to repay debts by servicing the bonds issued by the state. Innovative techniques of project management are also used for that purpose. They increase the flexibility of funds use and thus enable faster implementation of projects, which in turn increase their effectiveness. Innovative management of federal funds consists in cash flows shifting, enabling state authorities to implement the necessary projects faster. When there is a shortage of federal funds for the implementation of an infrastructural project in any given period, state authorities can use the opportunity of accelerated construction process, which consists in refund of the costs incurred in implementation of investments, after the approval by Federal Road Administration and on completion of the project. The project is implemented with the use of own funds of state authorities, and part of the costs incurred (pro rata to the set share of federal funds) is refunded on completion of the project. Innovative are also the changes in cash flows, which enable state authorities to recover their own funds allocated to finance projects, in accordance with the time schedule, TIFIA GARVEE Bonds Fig. 77. Infrastructure projects financing instruments in the United States Source: Innovative Finance Primer. Federal Highway Administration. US Department of Transportation. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/innovativefinance/ifp. 367
on presenting periodical payment invoices. And this is how state authorities receive funds to continue their projects. Another group of projects includes undertakings that can partially be implemented from expected income, but require public support, e.g. in the form of easier available loans. These projects can also make use of special programmes offering state loans and the specially established TIFIA (Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act) instrument. TIFIA instrument supports mainly projects of the highest significance to the country or the state, the implementation of which would not be possible otherwise, due to their scope, costs, complexity and high risk 12 . Financing by private capital only is envisaged for a relatively small number of profitable projects in the American market. Table 54. Revenue from highway users in the United States in 2004, according to distribution tier and origins Federal budget State budget Local budget Total Fuel taxes 31% 32% 1% 64% Road tolls - 6% 2% 8% Other user taxes and charges 3% 24% 1% 28% Total 34% 62% 4% 100% Source: The Fuel Tax and Alternatives for Transportation Funding. Special Report 285. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington 2006, p. 27. The innovations in the United States refer not only to new sources of finance, e.g. in the case of special forms of bonds (GARVEE) and new forms of crediting, but also to organizational solutions (state infrastructure banks, TIFIA) and process ones (innovative management of federal fund). Innovations in terms of generating new income, both on taxes, and charges that can be used for infrastructure maintenance and development are of special significance. Highway user income structure is presented in Table 54. Fuel taxes play a major role in generating transport income (in Florida they are responsible for 55% of budget transport revenue 13 ). The United States are also a precursor in terms of innovative charges for the use of transport infrastructure. Congestion charges depending on rush hours and charges for the use of less congested dedicated lanes 14 can be an example here. Innovative solutions also include charges connected with the distance covered (the so called mileage charging) 15 and charges 12 The Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act. http://tifia.fhwa.dot.gov 13 Finance Work Program Budget. State of Florida, November 2008. http://www.dot.state.fl.us/financialplanning. 14 Urban Road Pricing. Federal Efforts to Advance Congestion Pricing. IBTTA Transportation Finance Summit. http://www.ibtta.org. 15 The Fuel Tax and Alternatives for Transportation Funding. Special Report 285. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington 2006. http://www.trb.org. 368
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Contents FOREWORD (Jan Burnewicz)..
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9.4. Security of information.......
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20.3. Factors stimulating the devel
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great and has brought measurable ef
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The theory of innovation was introd
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According to Robert U. Ayres, who p
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tions may be of technological, orga
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1.2. Innovation features Innovation
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The sources of innovation embrace a
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Table 2. Innovation processes model
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of techniques. Strategic integratio
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32. Sudo³ S., Przedsiêbiorstwo pr
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land, attempts were made in the ear
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English 9 . As can be seen, the phr
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The European Union, being an area o
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tives of member states and associat
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- a direct result of research which
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is, in particular, the response to
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2.6. Bibliography 1. Blaug M., Teor
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stems from the economic policy 3 ,
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according to the linear innovation
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- the shaping and consolidation of
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Treaty of Amsterdam (“Research an
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Unfortunately, the first period of
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and technical subjects in several a
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Fig. 5), where growing competitiven
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Table 8. Innovation performance of
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0,700 0,600 0,500 0,400 0,300 0,200
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3.3. Polish innovation policy In Po
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lopment in the future, e.g. Turkey,
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1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
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- 6.4 billion euro to be provided b
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knowledge-based economy is the only
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- arising during business activity,
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- the use of advanced methods and t
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Chapter 4 A STUDY OF INNOVATIVE TRE
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In more recent centuries, though, t
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economic development. In this diagn
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placing private car use with public
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The prime module of modern transpor
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cialisation. 33 What this notion ac
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era in technology, but had no comme
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ecome a matter of honour for major
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Fig. 14. A Toyota FT-EV at Detroit
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Fuel Cell Vehicles - FCV) 75 are a
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94 - Toyota FCHV 81 is another of T
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- Daimler Mercedes-Benz Citaro fuel
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ange. The popularity of hybrid pass
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X2000 116 , the Finnish S220 117 ,
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•Commercial Turboprop Service •
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dards 138 . Intense activity can al
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- new technologies of winter inland
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Fig.18.Vélib-abicycle rental syste
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tional and EU authorities as well a
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National Highway Research Laborator
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innovation in terms of rail shape a
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Infrastructural innovations aim at
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14. Konings R., ThijsR., Foldable C
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tainable competitive advantage in t
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ten years. Technological innovation
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ticians, researchers and practition
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show that it is the time of respons
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gies were gaining more importance i
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chain at a strategic level and focu
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sary for company management and for
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- Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
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effective solution of logistic task
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- thermostat warehouse. Automation
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assess the productivity of the rend
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15. Follow the leaders. Scoring hig
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Chapter 6 NEW-GENERATION TRANSPORT
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1. The Panama Canal bridge 2. The B
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Among intercontinental crossings is
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Each human action has an effect on
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monious effect remains ingrained de
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Regrettably, the project was not co
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6.7. Bibliography 1. Brown D. J., M
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The purpose of this chapter is not
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7 8 9 10 11 12 Improving road safet
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Table 20. Satellite navigation in t
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predict a traffic jam on a specific
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of rail tracks, inspections and tes
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9. Roads. Galileo Application Sheet
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transport modes, infrastructure and
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- plan the routes and optimize park
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ies. In modern logistics systems, t
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Fig. 33. Option II of vehicle route
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Optimization of route selection dep
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Chapter 9 NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOG
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uilding. The competitive advantage
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- systems for planning and optimiza
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and consist of defining information
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2. Naporowska E., Warunki rozwoju e
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10.2. Factors causing changes in ur
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10.3. Model description of modern u
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The French urban transport organiza
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petitiveness of urban transport wit
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a system of rewards and penalties b
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sales of tickets received on the ba
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Chapter 11 SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILI
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einstate the proper role of environ
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European cities had already been af
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limiting car use, especially in cit
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- support instruments for measures
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City-wide Campaigns Innovative dema
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ture, of consistent cycle-promoting
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should be treated preferentially in
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is that the bicycle is quite simply
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Fig. 40. Comparison of various tran
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struggle with inappropriate pavemen
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Bicycle racks Other amenities They
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Table 30. Comparison of percentage
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12.8. Bibliography 1. Cycling: the
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and using nuclear, solar, water or
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methods of performance enhancement
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Table 31. Timeline of Euro standard
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10. Smalko Z., Sznytko J., Kierunki
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Transport activity, a complementary
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sis for making them more dynamic. I
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The literature of the subject menti
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specific nature of new markets and
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In this context, the operation of T
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Chapter 15 FACTORS INFLUENCING MODA
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- to improve the understanding of u
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The fiscal function of the charges
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15.3. Examples of How Differentiate
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- increasing the accepted weight of
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Still, from a technological viewpoi
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At last, one notices that the natur
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operation it results from, whereas
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16.6. New qualitative preference of
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The importance of quality of servic
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Chapter 17 TRENDS IN WORLD SHIPPING
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17.2. World seaborne trade and the
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Table 37. World fleet size in the 1
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day in 2011, compared with 83.3 mil
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hicles at the end of 2005 to 168 ca
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ate of BSR countries is higher than
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In the BSR, as well as the entire E
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2005, the volume of cargo handled i
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Among the trends of the EU transpor
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enlarge loading capacity at minimum
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18.5. Port business diversification
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18.6. Relations with port cities, r
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Chapter 19 MODERN ENVIRONMENTAL MAN
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Green Paper on the Impact of Transp
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- new tasks have appeared in connec
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this area resulted in the Greening
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activities aimed at separating dema
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It is also worth noting that energy
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Table 41. The most likely growth sc
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Table 42. Towards sustainable trans
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such. The use of the existing infra
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Chapter 20 DEVELOPEMNT OF INTERNATI
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tional logistics strengthened, and
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Paradoxically, we can say that the
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Page 319 and 320: At present, there are 15 Euroregion
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Page 323 and 324: Where: F= number of trips between t
Page 325 and 326: 6. Logistyka w internacjonalizacjio
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Page 329 and 330: In the 1980s, more factors appeared
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Page 345 and 346: costs. Because of the “bypassing
Page 347 and 348: 5. Bogaschewsky R., Globale Beschaf
Page 349 and 350: this theory, a natural course of de
Page 351 and 352: On the other hand, the company’s
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Page 355 and 356: The ‘list of risks’ method cons
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Page 361 and 362: Partial formalization in the proces
Page 363 and 364: etween those types of investments c
Page 365 and 366: other sectors of the economy. Such
Page 367: Comparative analysis of innovative
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Page 373 and 374: 12. Pietrzyka B., Klasyfikacja prze
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Page 377 and 378: interdisciplinary, although individ
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Page 385 and 386: lift-sharing, also called car-pooli
Page 387 and 388: A large group of technologies, give
Page 389 and 390: Every human activity has an impact
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Page 393 and 394: a growing number of inhabitants liv
Page 395 and 396: nation-wide promotional campaigns a
Page 397 and 398: As for innovations aimed at using a
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Page 407 and 408: PODSUMOWANIE I WNIOSKI (Jan Burnewi
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Page 411 and 412: ski. Strategicznym (nadrzêdnym) ce
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w¹tpliwych efektów wdra¿ania now
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œwiecie koncepcji i nowych rozwi¹
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nologie budownictwa infrastruktural
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TEN wpisany zosta³ projekt europej
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staw/ w ramach sieci dostaw (certyf
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nych), takich jak wprowadzanie ró
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obytu ludzie staj¹ siê coraz bard
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Trzy pierwsze typy procesów innowa
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który musi opracowywaæ nowatorski
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Przemiany technologiczne i innowacy
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ne uwidoczni³a siê ju¿ pod konie
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nia logistycznego, • stosowanie f
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Formalizacja oceny ryzyka w innowac
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List of tables Table 1. Innovation
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Table 50. Time horizon of risk fact
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Fig. 24. Strategic crossings within
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About Authors El¿bieta Adamowicz:
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Michel Savy: Professor in the Unive
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