Untitled - Ministerstwo Rozwoju Regionalnego

(EDIFACT, XML), encoding channels (e.g. HTTPS, SFTP) all the way to the help
desk for solution users, and 24/7 assistance.
The development of IT brings about a number of threats to logistic operations
safety, fraught with consequences particularly in case of system failures.
This requires, apart from traditional solutions, applications of innovative methods
of minimizing risk, such as doubled data processing centres and double
WAN lines.
A full perspective of possible transport operations can be defined most precisely
by analysing the demand for new solutions in individual transport forms
and modes. There is a high diversity as far as sectoral innovative needs are concerned;
this also refers to possibilities of creating innovations dedicated to passenger
transport and cargo transport, long-distance and local transport, and
transport in mass and dispersed supply chains.
An area of the greatest demand for innovations is urban transport, with its
numerous symptoms of transport system inefficiency and their burden to natural
and social environment. These weaknesses of the systems can be surmounted
by technological innovations, new organisational concepts and new
mobility patterns of the population.
Trends in the development of modern urban transport organisation systems
in Europe are presented in Chapter X by Olgierd Wyszomirski. The most important
aspect of these trends is a shift from monopolist transport services provided
by a single carrier established by public authorities to a system of competitive
services rendered in accordance with standards established by a public urban
transport provider (a special unit is set up to carry out regulatory and organisational
tasks only). Solutions applied in individual countries are marked by
significant differences. For example, in Great Britain the market is accessible to
all carriers who meet specified technical requirements, while in France the market
is accessible for a specified period of time to a single carrier only, awarded
the contract upon a tender for transport services for the whole city. Another difference
between these countries is the number of transport service regulations
established by public authorities (more numerous in France). Urban transport in
the capitals of these countries is based on different principles. Other European
countries have adopted systems close either to the British or the French model,
except Germany, where a traditional system is still in operation, i.e. an association
of municipalities employs common carriers and subsidize urban transport
services.
Urban transport innovation trends are inspired and accelerated by a common
idea of transport sustainable development. In the last 25 years, the urban
transport balance was upset by offensive development of private motor transport,
particularly by prevailing irrationality of car use in cities (cars too big, carrying
less than 2 people on average, excessive number of cars for short trips,
traffic concentration for a few hours during the day, etc.). This is caused by the
process of suburbanization manifested by extensive spatial growth of cities, with
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