Untitled - Ministerstwo Rozwoju Regionalnego

and development of ports as land-sea logistics centres results also from transport
users' higher demand for a wider scope of port logistics services, and
a large share of transport and warehousing costs in global logistics costs. There
are two tendencies in port planning: (1) the development of reserve areas;
(2) more intense utilisation of space within existing limits. Expansion of spatial
development over new areas does not hinder intensive transformations and
concentration of investment activity within currently operated port areas. Many
ports have limited options for spatial development; some of them do not have
any reserve space, others encounter environmental restrictions.
Transport innovation processes and the environment of the sector are interrelated.
On the one hand, the environment forces innovations that mitigate environmental
and social impact of transport, on the other, innovations and breakthrough
transport technologies create new prospects for the development of the
sector in symbiosis with the environment. In Chapter XIX, Barbara Paw³owska
presents the issues of modern environmental management in transport within
the European Union. The demand for transport is growing constantly, but
building new infrastructure and market expansion cannot be the only response
to this tendency. In order to meet the requirements imposed by the idea of sustainable
development, transport system needs optimising. A critical attitude towards
unrestrained transport development and its impact on natural environment
appeared as early as the late 1960s, and at first it was manifested through
activities aimed at increasing transport safety. A modern transport system must
be a sustainable one in the economic, social and environmental context. That is
why the EU common policy must include activities targeted at the reduction of
transport external costs and coping with growing congestion in transport networks.
Published in July 2008, the Greening Transport Package presents a large
scope of tools for environmental management, from economic instruments and
regulations to investment in infrastructure and new technologies. In this respect,
“making prices realistic” is of utmost significance. Economic instruments,
“smart prices” in particular, can be an incentive for transport users to optimise
transport behaviours or choose more environment-friendly vehicles and modes,
use less crowded elements of infrastructure or travel at different times of the
day.
New trends and concepts in international logistics are of special dimension,
which El¿bieta Go³embska analyses in Chapter XX. A new quality in the logistics
sector is global logistics, being a complex of logistic activities performed between
companies in many countries on different continents. Creating the
world-wide commodity trade network is closely related to the establishment of
transnational corporations, whose number amounts to over 60,000. The corporations'
share in the world GDP amounts to ca. 30%, 80% of international transfer
of technologies, and 70% of FDI deposits. It must be added that 80% of corporations
are based in the USA, Canada, the EU countries, Japan and Singapore, and
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