Untitled - Ministerstwo Rozwoju Regionalnego

of techniques. Strategic integration also embraces key suppliers that may become
involved in developing new products. The significance of horizontal relations,
which include R&D consortia, joint ventures and common market endeavours,
continues to grow. Focus is geared at quality and other non-price factors
43 . Innovation is a continuous process and the model of innovation processes
is flexible.
According to the system model not only R&D have an impact on the innovation
processes but the innovation process can influence R&D (market pull).
Innovations may be created in the organisation itself or by the product user
(user driven innovation).
Evolution of the innovation concept from the linear to the system innovation
model evokes changes in innovation policies. Adoption of the system approach
means the necessity to develop and implement a comprehensive innovation
policy that results in more efficient, mutually supporting instruments. Modern
approach to innovation processes and development of innovation policy
requires an institutional approach and points to a significantly wider spectrum
of study than the relation between supply and demand 44 . Analysis of change that
does not account for the role and special nature of innovations will be worthless
even in the short run. The key issue will be the understanding of innovation
sources and the technological change environment as the driving force.
The distribution of innovations is not balanced, in other words there is an
unequal distribution of innovations, i.e. creativity 45 . Development of innovative
economy will be possible when a given country reaches a certain level of economic
development. Innovative capacity of the economy is the ability and motivation
of entrepreneurs to seek and forge into practice R&D results, new ideas,
concepts and inventions. Innovative capacity means modernity, the ability to
create, diffuse and imitate innovations. Innovations are the effects of an innovative
process, which in modern economy takes the form of a set of complex processes.
1.5. Bibliography
1. Ayres R. U., Technological Protection and Piracy, “Economic Impact” 1987, no 1.
2. Barnet H. G., Innovation, the Basic of Cultural Change, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York 1953.
3. Borkowski T., Marcinkowski A., Spo³eczno-psychologiczne uwarunkowania wprowadzania
innowacji w przedsiêbiorstwie, [in:] Rola polskiej nauki we wzroœcie innowacyjnoœci gospodarki,
ed. E. Okoñ-Horodyñska, PTE, Warsaw 2004.
4. Definicje pojêæ z zakresu statystyki nauki i techniki, GUS, Warsaw 1999.
5. Drucker P. F., Dyscyplina podejœciu do innowacji, Harvard Business Review Polska, January
2004.
6. Drucker P. F., Innowacja i przedsiêbiorczoœæ. Praktyka i zasady, PWE, Warsaw 1992.