HULHULE-MALE’ BRIDGE PROJECT

EIA for the proposed Hulhule-Male’ Bridge Project
1.3.3 City Council ................................................................................................................ 51
1.4 Guiding Policies and Documents ................................................................................... 51
1.4.1 Waste Management Policy ......................................................................................... 51
1.5 International Conventions .............................................................................................. 51
1.5.1 Convention on Biological Diversity ........................................................................... 51
1.5.2 UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol .................................................................................... 52
1.5.3 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).................................. 52
1.5.4 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL).... 53
4 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................. 54
4.1 Meteorology ................................................................................................................... 54
4.1.1 Climate........................................................................................................................ 54
4.1.2 Winds .......................................................................................................................... 55
4.1.3 Rainfall ....................................................................................................................... 57
4.1.4 Temperature................................................................................................................ 59
4.2 Hydrology....................................................................................................................... 60
4.2.1 Tidal Pattern ............................................................................................................... 60
4.2.2 Waves .......................................................................................................................... 62
4.2.3 Currents ...................................................................................................................... 65
4.2.4 Sea Level Rise ............................................................................................................. 70
4.2.5 Bathymetry .................................................................................................................. 70
4.3 Topography, Geology and Soils ..................................................................................... 72
4.3.1 Geology ....................................................................................................................... 72
4.4 Water .............................................................................................................................. 78
4.4.1 Ground water quality.................................................................................................. 78
4.4.2 Marine water quality .................................................................................................. 79
4.5 Ecology........................................................................................................................... 81
4.5.1 Terrestrial Environment ............................................................................................. 81
4.5.2 Marine Ecology .......................................................................................................... 90
4.6 Air quality, Noise and Vibration .................................................................................. 108
4.6.1 Noise Quality ............................................................................................................ 108
4.6.2 Air Quality ................................................................................................................ 109
4.7 Recreational Resources ................................................................................................ 109
4.7.1 Parks and recreational areas ................................................................................... 109
4.7.2 Surfing ...................................................................................................................... 110
4.7.3 Diving ....................................................................................................................... 110
4.7.4 Recreational Fishing ................................................................................................ 110
4.7.5 Sports ........................................................................................................................ 110
4.8 Natural Hazards ............................................................................................................ 113
4.8.1 Earthquake................................................................................................................ 113
Prepared by: CDE Consulting & China Shipping Environment Technology
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