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Dialogue in and between Different Cultures - International ...

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94 Anna Szczepaniak-Kozak<br />

are uniform <strong>in</strong> style, each Polish text is idiosyncratic <strong>in</strong> this respect. To give an<br />

example, all the exam<strong>in</strong>ed NATO documents present security mark<strong>in</strong>gs at the<br />

centre top <strong>and</strong> bottom of each page, which is someth<strong>in</strong>g not found <strong>in</strong> Polish texts<br />

even if they are classified as restricted. Additionally, the layout of the NATO<br />

logistics documents is clearer. As a result, the ideas <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>vestigated NATO<br />

documents are not as densely packed as they are <strong>in</strong> the Polish corpus. What<br />

dist<strong>in</strong>guishes the English <strong>and</strong> Polish styles is also their dist<strong>in</strong>ct page <strong>and</strong><br />

paragraph numeration systems <strong>and</strong> the manner of date <strong>and</strong> hour record<strong>in</strong>g.<br />

9. Conclusions<br />

Military texts are always written for some practical goal, <strong>and</strong> not for a free<br />

expression of feel<strong>in</strong>gs or for impress<strong>in</strong>g the audience. In this type of discourse<br />

poetic images or rhetorical figures, affective expressions of joy or sadness, or<br />

verbal humour should not be expected. At the same time, attitud<strong>in</strong>al lexis is not<br />

present at all. This feature of military language is conditioned by the fact that<br />

once military writers write for a specific set of purposes <strong>and</strong> readers, they must<br />

carefully choose <strong>and</strong> organize the <strong>in</strong>formation to be transmitted.<br />

It appears that although those Polish <strong>and</strong> English schools of military writ<strong>in</strong>g<br />

are congruent <strong>in</strong> terms of the discussed subjects, <strong>in</strong>volved discourse participants<br />

<strong>and</strong> established term<strong>in</strong>ology, the Polish texts are more detailed <strong>in</strong> character.<br />

Additionally, the Polish Warsaw Pact documents use a great number of<br />

impersonal constructions, whereas <strong>in</strong> their English counterparts the passive voice<br />

is more frequent. F<strong>in</strong>ally, the contrasted styles of writ<strong>in</strong>g differ <strong>in</strong> terms of the text<br />

layout. The NATO texts have a more legible <strong>and</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ardized document format<br />

than the <strong>in</strong>vestigated Polish samples. All <strong>in</strong> all, we may postulate that both of the<br />

styles of writ<strong>in</strong>g represent formal <strong>and</strong> impersonal registers but they atta<strong>in</strong> those<br />

qualities <strong>in</strong> a different way.<br />

References<br />

Beaugr<strong>and</strong>e, Robert de & Wolfgang Dressler. 1981. Introduction to Text L<strong>in</strong>guistics. London:<br />

Longman.<br />

Duszak, Anna. 1998. Tekst, dyskurs, komunikacja międzykulturowa. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo<br />

Naukowe.<br />

Gee, James Paul. 2000. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge.<br />

Hymes, Dell. 1972. “Models of the Interaction of Language <strong>and</strong> Social Life”. Directions <strong>in</strong> Sociol<strong>in</strong>guistics<br />

ed. by John Gumperz & Dell Hymes, 35-71. New York: Holt, R<strong>in</strong>ehart <strong>and</strong><br />

W<strong>in</strong>ston.<br />

Gumperz, John & Dell Hymes, eds. 1972. Directions <strong>in</strong> Sociol<strong>in</strong>guistics New York: Holt, R<strong>in</strong>ehart<br />

<strong>and</strong> W<strong>in</strong>ston.<br />

Trimble, Louis. 1985. English for Science <strong>and</strong> Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University<br />

Press.<br />

Halliday, Michael Alex<strong>and</strong>er Kirkwood. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London:<br />

Arnold.

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