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62 Neelakshi Chandrasena Premawardhena changes in the cultural values are evident in the language of different generations in respect to the aspect of distance discussed in this paper. Thus, this study brings to light that even in the 21 st century, the long preserved cultural values have undergone none or minimal changes and the language continues to reflect the same values as over five decades ago. Today, monks may travel by vehicles to alms giving ceremonies of laymen unlike in the older days where walking long distances was the order of the day; or the seating arrangements during an alms giving may be different. 6 It has been observed that with changing times the expectations of laymen have increased and the ties between the layman and the monk have strengthened. More and more young people visit temples and continue the values of previous generations; a layman may seek blessings from the monks for a newly purchased vehicle and a couple would decide to have their wedding ceremony at the temple, which did not occur earlier. Upbringing at home and school education continues to promote existing cultural values and the new generations continue to respect the demarcations of society by observing the existing unwritten rules. Hence, contrary to popular belief, the presumption that language and culture are drastically affected by new developments in the modern age is proven wrong in the case of modern Sinhala. The traditions and values are deep rooted in a culture and are not easily subject to major changes within a span of a few decades. Furthermore, considering the data given in chapter (4), Sri Lankan English also reflects the demarcations of distance in society, especially between the layman and the monk, i.e. while the lay Sinhala native speaker ‘eats’ (kanava) at home the monk still ‘partakes a meal’ (valandanava) in a temple. References Brown, Penelope & Stephen Levinson. 1987. Politeness. Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Premawardhena, Neelakshi Chendrasena. 2002a. Referenz-Indizes im Deutschen und im Singhalesischen: Eine kontrastive Studie, Siegen: UniViS Premawardhena, Neelakshi Chendrasena. 2002b. “Reference Devices in Sinhala”. Pronouns, Grammar and Representation ed. by Horst J. Simon & Heike Wiese, 63-84. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Premawardhena, Neelakshi Chendrasena. 2006. Socio-Cultural Aspects Reflected in a Language: An analysis of degrees of respect in Spoken Sinhala, Proceedings of the International Symposium, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka. Premawardhena, Neelakshi Chendrasena. 2007. “How Diplomatic Can a Language Be? The unwritten rules in a language: An analysis of Spoken Sinhala.” Dialogue and Culture ed. by Marion Grein & Edda Weigand, 213-225. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. De Silva, Chandima & Neelakshi Chendrasena Premawardhena. 2006. “Some Computational Aspects of Natural Language Understanding: A case study of Sinhala”. Sri Lanka at Crossroads: Continuity and change ed. by Sarath Amarasinghe, E. A. Gamini Fonseka, Deborah D. K. Ruuskanen, 146-155. Matara: University of Ruhuna. 6 Many houses in urban areas now arrange low chairs covered with white cloth as seating for monks during the da:na instead of the rattan mats and small cushions used earlier.
The Impact of Socio-Cultural Aspects on Language in a Changing World 63 Disanayaka, Jayaratna Banda. 1993. The Monk and the Peasant. Padukka: State Printing Corporation. Disanayaka, Jayaratna Banda. 1998. Understanding the Sinhalese. Colombo: Godage. Disanayaka, Jayaratna Banda. 2005. Maanawa bhaasaa praveshaya. Colombo: Samitha. Gunasekara, Manique. 2005. A Post Colonial Identity of Sri Lankan English. Colombo: Katha. Watts, Richard J. 2003. Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Glossary Adv. adverb DEM demonstrative fem. feminine HON honorific N noun masc. masculine PAST past tense pl. plural sg singular SLE Sri Lankan English V verb
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152 List of Contributors Dr. Neelak
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