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58 Neelakshi Chandrasena Premawardhena Older monks addressing younger monks: (5) podi nama or by proper name young monk “young monk” − Discourse between monk and layman: Monk addressing the layman: (6) upaasaka mahattaya worshiper HON:masc “devotee” (male) (7) up:asika:wa or upa:saka no:na worshiper:HON:masc worshiper:HON:fem “devotee” (male) “devotee” (female) (8) me: ætto worshiper “devotee(s)” (9) baba: child “child” Layman addressing a monk: (10) haamuduruwanee swami:n-vahansa monk:HON monk:HON “honourable monk” “honourable monk” Layman referring to monk: (11) Name + ha:muduruwo sa:du monk monk “honourable xx” Literary Sinhala and formal speech: (12) Name-himi Name-HON “honourable xx” (13) mee haamuduruwo hemadaama lekca:s vediya DEM:3Sg monk everyday lectures come:HON:PAST “This monk came for lectures everyday.”
The Impact of Socio-Cultural Aspects on Language in a Changing World 59 Furthermore, the names of monks also differ from the laymen. A layman has one first name, a middle name and a surname. A Buddhist monk can be easily identified by his name as it significantly differs from that of a layman as the monk’s village/town is given first followed by one name - mostly derived from Pali. (14) Matale Seelaratana town proper first name “the monk Seelaratana from Matale” 3. Social and emotional distance The social distance among laymen is expressed in the language reflecting the respect one has for each other. The parents and teachers occupying the highest position in the society next to Buddhist monks command a mark of respect from all concerned. As Disanayaka (1993:124) observes “Respect for elders is expressed in two ways, by means of social behaviour an by means of linguistic etiquette”. He further states that “parents are above pronominal reference” (1993:125) although Sinhala is a language with a large number of 2 nd person pronouns (Ch. Premawardhena 2002a, 2002b) as the use of a pronoun for parents denotes disrespect. Thus, one observes the heavy use of zero anaphora and kinship terms instead of 2 nd and 3 rd person pronouns when referring to parents and elders. In respect of teachers, the honorifics ‘Madam’, ‘Sir’ or ‘Miss 2 ’ are used in place of 2 nd and 3 rd person pronouns as discussed in detail in Ch. Premawardhena 2002a; 2002b. It is significant that kinship terms are used as 2 nd and 3 rd person pronouns even when one is not related. (15) a:cci (“grandmother”), si:ya (“grandfather”), ayya (“elder brother”), akka (“elder sister”), malli (“younger brother”), nangi (“younger sister”), ma:ma (“uncle”), nænda (aunt) 3 . Thus, a sense of belonging is expressed minimising the distance among strangers. It is also safer to use a kinship term or an honorific instead of using the informal 2 nd person pronoun oya: when addressing a stranger and offending him as a result. This familiar term is used among peers and when elders address the young, but not vice-versa. Apart from kinship terms and honorifics, professions are also used as reference devices as a mark of respect. While the bilinguals use the profession alone, the monolinguals add an honorific mahattaya (masc.) or no:na (fem.). (16) doctor: dostara mahattaya, dostara no:na 2 The loan word from English is used to refer to female teachers as an honorific in Sinhala /mis/. 3 While monolinguals use the kinship terms ma:ma and nænda, the bilinguals use the English loan words and or /a:n²i/, some also using /æn²i/ instead of /a:n²i/.
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iada.online.series Volume 1/08 Dial
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Edited by Marion Grein Dialogue in
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Introduction The core of this first
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The Practice of Repeating in Englis
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Page 26 and 27: 18 Marion Grein 4. Funktionen des S
Page 28 and 29: 20 Marion Grein 6. Frequenz von Kom
Page 30 and 31: 22 Marion Grein 4 You did a [INT] A
Page 32 and 33: 24 Marion Grein 6 Metaphorische Ans
Page 34 and 35: 26 Marion Grein betreffen hier posi
Page 36 and 37: 28 Marion Grein denen man ein Kompl
Page 38 and 39: 30 Marion Grein Japan (Barnlund&Ara
Page 40 and 41: 32 Marion Grein Goffman, Erving. 19
Page 42 and 43: 34 Yana Tregubova kultureller Aspek
Page 44 and 45: 36 Yana Tregubova speziell in Auffo
Page 46 and 47: 38 Yana Tregubova Warum wird die Ge
Page 48 and 49: 40 Yana Tregubova zählt, sollte es
Page 50 and 51: 42 Yana Tregubova Betrachten wir ex
Page 52 and 53: 44 Yana Tregubova Dienste der illok
Page 54 and 55: 46 Yana Tregubova merksamkeit viel
Page 56 and 57: 48 Yana Tregubova 10. Umgang mit En
Page 58 and 59: 50 Yana Tregubova noch um Verständ
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Page 74 and 75: 66 Elena Xeni including slang, argo
Page 76 and 77: 68 Elena Xeni − in cases where it
Page 78 and 79: 70 Elena Xeni Conventions and norms
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Page 96 and 97: 88 Anna Szczepaniak-Kozak Consequen
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- Begraben werden: seine letzte Ruh
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Politeness and Social Dynamics in C
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(2) Example (recording 19_15.09.01
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Chat Behaviour Intercultural Some a
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3.2 Netiquette Chat Behaviour Inter
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“BillyBoy: Hey freche Liesl! =) F
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152 List of Contributors Dr. Neelak
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