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94 Anna Szczepaniak-Kozak are uniform in style, each Polish text is idiosyncratic in this respect. To give an example, all the examined NATO documents present security markings at the centre top and bottom of each page, which is something not found in Polish texts even if they are classified as restricted. Additionally, the layout of the NATO logistics documents is clearer. As a result, the ideas in the investigated NATO documents are not as densely packed as they are in the Polish corpus. What distinguishes the English and Polish styles is also their distinct page and paragraph numeration systems and the manner of date and hour recording. 9. Conclusions Military texts are always written for some practical goal, and not for a free expression of feelings or for impressing the audience. In this type of discourse poetic images or rhetorical figures, affective expressions of joy or sadness, or verbal humour should not be expected. At the same time, attitudinal lexis is not present at all. This feature of military language is conditioned by the fact that once military writers write for a specific set of purposes and readers, they must carefully choose and organize the information to be transmitted. It appears that although those Polish and English schools of military writing are congruent in terms of the discussed subjects, involved discourse participants and established terminology, the Polish texts are more detailed in character. Additionally, the Polish Warsaw Pact documents use a great number of impersonal constructions, whereas in their English counterparts the passive voice is more frequent. Finally, the contrasted styles of writing differ in terms of the text layout. The NATO texts have a more legible and standardized document format than the investigated Polish samples. All in all, we may postulate that both of the styles of writing represent formal and impersonal registers but they attain those qualities in a different way. References Beaugrande, Robert de & Wolfgang Dressler. 1981. Introduction to Text Linguistics. London: Longman. Duszak, Anna. 1998. Tekst, dyskurs, komunikacja międzykulturowa. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Gee, James Paul. 2000. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge. Hymes, Dell. 1972. “Models of the Interaction of Language and Social Life”. Directions in Sociolinguistics ed. by John Gumperz & Dell Hymes, 35-71. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Gumperz, John & Dell Hymes, eds. 1972. Directions in Sociolinguistics New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Trimble, Louis. 1985. English for Science and Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Halliday, Michael Alexander Kirkwood. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Arnold.
Analyzed texts Contrastive Analysis of English and Polish Military Texts 95 Sample 1: Instrukcja o organizacji i pracy jednostek transportowych i przeładunkowych (translation: Guidelines for organization and operation of transport and material handling units). 1984 Warszawa: Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej, Główne Kwatermistrzostwo WP. Sample 2: STANAG 2830. Material handling aids. 1996. Brussels: Military Agency for Standardization. Sample 3: Tyły taktyczne (translation: Tactical rear). 1973. Warszawa: Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej, Główne Kwatermistrzostwo WP. Sample 4 and 5: Allied Logistic Publication – 9. STANAG 2406. 1995. Brussels: NATO MAS. Sample 6 Kierowanie zabezpieczeniem logistycznym brygady i dywizji w obronie i natarciu (translation: Brigade and division logistics support command in defense and attack). 1996 Warszawa: Sztab Generalny Wojska Polskiego, Inspektorat Logistyki.
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Edited by Marion Grein Dialogue in
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Introduction The core of this first
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The Practice of Repeating in Englis
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16 Marion Grein sympathisch empfund
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28 Marion Grein denen man ein Kompl
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30 Marion Grein Japan (Barnlund&Ara
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32 Marion Grein Goffman, Erving. 19
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34 Yana Tregubova kultureller Aspek
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36 Yana Tregubova speziell in Auffo
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38 Yana Tregubova Warum wird die Ge
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40 Yana Tregubova zählt, sollte es
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42 Yana Tregubova Betrachten wir ex
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152 List of Contributors Dr. Neelak
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