Education for a Digital World Advice, Guidelines and Effective Practice from Around Globe, 2008a

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15 Understanding Copyright: Knowing Your Rights and Knowing When You’re Right Dan McGuire Education for a Digital World 247
15 – Understanding Copyright: Knowing Your Rights and Knowing When You’re Right Learning outcomes After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Define “ownership”, both as a concrete concept and as an abstraction, as a practical measure of property rights. • Identify your rights as the owner of intellectual property • Explain why seeking permission to use copyrighted material is preferable to using materials without permission. • Identify some common instances of copyright infringement. Introduction Copyright is a word that has developed its own mythology. It is almost impossible to go through a day without coming into contact with something protected by copyright. Music on the radio as we commute into work, the architecture of the home we live in, or the buildings we drive by, articles in the newspaper—you could safely say that almost every item we touch or interact with has some ‘copyright’ factor associated with it. With such a proliferation throughout our economy it’s surprising just how often ‘copyright’ is misunderstood. A Brief History of Copyright EARLY HISTORY The concepts underlying copyright protection have been around for at least 1500 years. The situation before the sixth century is a little unclear. Copyright has always been a response to technological change. The first such change was the advent of writing itself. Before writing, history was recorded through stories that were told and retold to succeeding generations. In the oral tradition it would not have occurred to anyone to restrict who could repeat the tales. The first documented copyright dispute occurred in sixth-century Ireland. This isn’t a tale of high priced lawyers arguing over minute details of the law—rather it is a tale of religion, power and bloodshed. In the early part of the sixth century Columba of Iona, a priest, borrowed a psalter from Finnian, and then diligently copied it page by page, though without asking Finnian for permission to do this. Finnian demanded the return of the psalter, and appealed to the Irish king Dermot, who ordered the copy be handed over to Finnian. When Columba refused to comply, Dermot used military force to see his judgment through. In the end, as many as three thousand men may have died. While this tale certainly has all the elements of modern day copyright piracy, with the addition of armed conflict, it was not until much later that copyright issues came to the fore. St. Columba had to copy the psalter by hand, a very slow laborious process. Since very few people were literate, copyright wasn’t much of an issue. It was not until the invention of the printing press that the idea of granting permission to make copies has any significance. First laws With the printing press it became possible to make multiple copies of books efficiently. Books became a commodity. Printing and selling books was soon a lucrative venture. At first the system of controlling the right to make copies was ad hoc. Kings and other rulers would grant the privilege of printing books to one printer or another. Books that were not authorized were banned. Printers who produced unauthorized works were arrested. Printers held a monopoly on the titles they printed. This system was clearly aimed at aiding the printers, as opposed to the authors. It was also a system that was ripe for corruption. It has been argued that one of the causes of the English Civil War was the monopolies handed out to his friends by Charles I. The Statute of Anne, enacted in 1710 by the British parliament, is regarded as the first copyright law. This law placed the right to authorize the reproduction of a book not in the King’s hands, but in the author’s. This exclusive right lasted for 21 years, after which time the book entered into the public domain, and anyone would be free to copy it. The state of affairs in copyright remained relatively calm for the next two centuries. Book publishing increased in importance, both in society and within the economies of the world’s nations. While printing technology improved, the process of publishing, and the state of trade in creative works remained largely the same. Other nations took very different tacks in regard to copyright law. The United States of America, for example, entrenched the fundamental elements of their copyright law in their constitution. TWENTIETH-CENTURY DEVELOPMENTS While the 18th and 19th centuries were relatively stable in terms of copyright law, the 20th century saw a torrent of challenges, changes, and adaptations to the law. Technological change became a constant. Many of the technologies we take for granted today represented major challenges to the copyright status quo. 248 Education for a Digital World
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Education for a Digital World ADVIC
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Contents Chapter Abstracts / v Intr
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Chapter Abstracts Part 1: The Impac
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Chapter Abstracts on a revised Bloo
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Chapter Abstracts BUILDING COMMUNIT
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Introduction phasizes the building
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1 Emerging Technologies in E-learni
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2 Virtual Design Studios: Solving L
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2 - Virtual Design Studios created,
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3 Challenges Confronted and Lessons
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4 Addressing Diversity in Design of
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7 Learning Management Systems Don M
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8 Exploring Open Source for Educato
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9 Quality Assurance by Design Niki
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11 Accessibility and Universal Desi
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12 Articulation and Transfer of Onl
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13 - Planning Your Online Course Le
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20 Instructional Strategies Peter F
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21 Media Selection Peter Fenrich If
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31 Looking Forward: Stories of Prac
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Contributors Dr. Mohamed Ally, Prof
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Education for a Digital World Advice, Guidelines and Effective Practice from Around Globe, 2008a

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