The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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100 beside Log. ranu, rustic Camp. ũ nãu, and Vegliot grun. Otherwise, both in Italian and elsewhere, the two words have become differentiated singulars, though the range of meaning varies from language to language; basically GRANUM refers to a single ‘grain’ and GRANA to ‘grain’ collectively, but one interesting meaning commonly attached to the latter is ‘cochineal’, which was formerly believed to have been extracted from berries. Here we have the forms It. grano, grana, Fr. grain, graine, Prov., Cat. gra, grana, Sp. grano, grana, Ptg. grão, grã. Closely connected with this is *GRANELLU, which has given It. granello ‘(single) grain’, ‘seed’, ‘pip’, pl. granella ‘cereals’, and also OIt. tre granella, and le granelle for ‘(single) grains’ (Monaci, No. 174); similarly we have Surs. garnial, Eng. granè ‘(single) grain’ and the collectives Surs. garniala ‘grain’, Eng. granella ‘hailstones’, the French verb greneler ‘grain (put a grain in)’, Prov. granella ‘little grain’ (from the plural), Cat. granell, Sp. granillo ‘little grain’, granilla ‘grain in cloth’, Ptg. grêlo ‘seed germ’, ‘sprout’ (cf. Transm. graello ‘hail’), Sard. (Log.) raneddu ‘chicken’s testicle’, ranedda ‘ “parson’s nose” ’. Amongst other related words we have firstly those evidently derived from a neuter plural form *GRANALIA: It. granaglie (pl.) ‘corn’, ‘cereals’, Rh. granaglia ‘ditto’, Fr. grenaille ‘refuse grain’, ‘granulated metal (shot)’, Prov. granalha ‘ditto’, Cat. granalla ‘ditto’, borrowed into Spanish and Portuguese as granalla, granalha. Then there are the assorted Rum. grăunŃ, pl. grăunŃe/grăunŃuri ‘(single) grain’, grâneaŃă ‘cereals’, corresponding to Eng. granezza, It. graniglia ‘grit’, gragn(u)ola ‘fine hail’, Surs. collective garnetscha/garnitscha ‘grain’, Prov. granilha ‘little grain’, gragnola, granissa ‘hail’, Cat. granis ‘hail’, Sp. granizo ‘ditto’ (borrowed into Portuguese), Ptg. grainha ‘pip’ (cf. also graeiro ‘(single) grain’, ‘pellet’, which has come, like Cat. granera ‘broom’, from a specialized use of GRANARIUM), mostly pointing to old neuter plural forms. It will be noted that some of these formations have the meaning of ‘hail’, being associated with GRANDINE; the Fr. grêle, like the OIt. grale, is unconnected, being referred, like grésil ‘sleet’ to a Germanic root, 100
101 101 but the fortuitous similarity may have helped in the adoption of the word. w) In another case, Lat. RAPA ‘turnip’ was found both as singular and plural, and has survived as a singular, so It. rapa (also rapo, probably newly formed), Surs., LEng. rava, UEng. reva, OFr. reve (the modern rave is from Provençal), Prov. raba, Cat. raba, ‘base of the tail’, Sard. raba. From the sing. RAPUM have come, apparently, Sp., Ptg. rabo ‘tail’ (there is also a Sp. raba ‘octopus tentacles’); here note the development, by another process to be discussed later, of Sp. naba ‘swede’, ‘rutabaga’ alongside nabo ‘turnip’ < NAPUS ‘rape’. Two other neuter plurals have become singulars with special Romance meanings. The adjectival VIRIDIA ‘green stuff’ has become the word for ‘cabbage’ (cf. Engl. “greens”), giving Rum. varză, It. verza, Eng. verza, Surs. versa, Sp. berza (Moz. bercha), Ptg. berça (the word is not found in French, Provençal or Catalan, but the same root is seen in verg(i)er ‘orchard’). Another adjectival form GRANDIA ‘coarse stuff’ has become ‘bran’, so Mac. Rum. grândză/grândze (the grandză of the REW seems suspect to me, unless it is an Istro-Rumanian form), SIt. granza ‘bran’, ‘siftings’, Gasc., Béarn. granço ‘remains of beaten wheat’, Sp. granza, Ptg. grança ‘siftings’, Camp. grandža, Nuor. (Gavol) grandza ‘bran’, cf. Log. randza ‘little grain’ and the verb ingrandzare ‘sift’. (OSp. garança ‘madder’ has become confused with this word, and the resulting granza has also been borrowed into Portuguese alongside garança. The voiceless -ça for -DIA in the Old Spanish and Portuguese forms would seem to be due to contamination by the far commoner -TIA ending; that it is not the natural phonological development is shown by the existence of the dual Mozarabic forms uarso and uaryo, also huerço (whence horchata) and huerjo, and the OPtg. orjo (in the Cantigas) from HORDEU ‘barley’.) The late Latin singular PISA ‘pea’, beside PISUM, pl. PISA, lies behind SIt. (Cal., Sic.) pl. pisedda (as well as Engl. pease, pea(s), where a collective
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
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une formation hybride à cheval sur
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19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
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21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
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23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
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25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
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27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
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29 29 singular in early times), SPI
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31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
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33 33 plural (evidence of the early
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35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
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37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
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39 39 singulars are felt to be the
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41 41 language, producing a situati
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43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
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45 45 separated from braç, as are
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47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
Page 49 and 50: 49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
Page 51 and 52: 51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
Page 53 and 54: 53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
Page 55 and 56: 55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
Page 57 and 58: 57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
Page 59 and 60: 59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
Page 61 and 62: 61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
Page 63 and 64: 63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
Page 65 and 66: 65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
Page 67 and 68: 67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
Page 69 and 70: 69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls
Page 71 and 72: 71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
Page 73 and 74: 73 73 in the areas which use -i for
Page 75 and 76: 75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
Page 77 and 78: 77 77 turn to the dialects to find
Page 79 and 80: 79 79 matching these also ulivo/uli
Page 81 and 82: 81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)
Page 83 and 84: 83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
Page 85 and 86: 85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’,
Page 87 and 88: 87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag
Page 89 and 90: 89 89 péšego), with another varie
Page 91 and 92: 91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
Page 93 and 94: 93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
Page 95 and 96: 95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
Page 97 and 98: 97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
Page 99: 99 99 native to the area all right,
Page 103 and 104: 103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
Page 105 and 106: 105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
Page 107 and 108: 107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
Page 109 and 110: 109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111 and 112: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 113 and 114: 113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODU
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
Page 119 and 120: 119 119 down by purely popular tran
Page 121 and 122: 121 121 examples I have given above
Page 123 and 124: 123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
Page 125 and 126: 125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
Page 127 and 128: 127 127 with the same meaning. This
Page 129 and 130: 129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
Page 131 and 132: 131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. fest
Page 133 and 134: 133 133 ‘salary’, and in these
Page 135 and 136: 135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) lég
Page 137 and 138: 137 137 the widespread forms corres
Page 139 and 140: 139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. bo
Page 141 and 142: 141 141 languages the first consona
Page 143 and 144: 143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
Page 145 and 146: 145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCUL
Page 147 and 148: 147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
Page 149 and 150: 149 149 are also forms without clas
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151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
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153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
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155 155 become a singular meaning
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157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
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159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. Fro
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161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’,
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163 163 combination of meanings; in
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165 165 has at the same time become
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167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
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169 169 feminines; examples are It.
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171 171 feminine noun which has nei
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173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
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175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
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177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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