The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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138 feminine nouns based on participial stems has its origin in neuter plural forms such as those given above (I note that such feminine forms are rare in Rumanian, and in Sardinian have generally been introduced from outside). Typical modern forms are those for ‘harvest’, It. (rac)colta (beside colletta for ‘collection (in church)’), Surm. culetga, Fr. cueillette (OFr. coilloite), Prov. culhita, Cat. collita, Sp. cosecha (Ast. collecha), Ptg. colheita, Sard. goddetta; for ‘expense’, It. spesa, Friul. speze, Surs. spesa, Eng. spaisa, OFr. (d)espoise, Prov., Cat. despesa, OSp. espesa, Ptg. despesa, Sard. ispesa, spesa from Italian; for ‘point’, ‘tip’, It. punta, Friul. ponte, Surs. puntga, Eng. punta, pütta, Fr. pointe, Prov. punta, poncha, Cat., Sp. punta, Ptg. ponta, Sard. punta; for ‘tint’ or ‘ink’, It. tinta, Surs. tenta, Eng. tinta, Fr. teinte, Prov. tinta (tenta), tencha, Cat., Sp., Ptg. tinta; for ‘taking’, It., Surs. presa, Eng. praisa, Fr. prise, Prov., Cat., Sp., Ptg. presa; for ‘promise’, It. promessa, Fr. promesse, Prov. promessa, Sp. promesa, Ptg. promessa, Sard. promissa (and Log. promitta); for ‘debt’ (with a more limited range), OIt. detta, Fr. dette, Prov. deuta beside more usual masc. deute, Sp. deuda, Ptg. dívida, elsewhere masculine forms. Similar forms can be found as the outcomes of many of the other participles given above, together with countless others, such as DIVISA, *CONQUISTA/ *CONQUESTA, PRESSA, RESPONSA/*RESPOSTA, *OFFERTA, SALSA, *RENDITA, PERDITA, VENDITA, IUNCTA, SUSPECTA, while for ideas such as ‘entrance’, ‘exit’, ‘rise’, ‘fall’, ‘coming’, ‘going’ the various languages similarly have feminine participial forms, though not necessarily based on the same root. f) Here let me take the formations in -ATA, and specifically those indicating an amount, especially the amount contained in something, of which I have found one single example in Rumanian. Thus *BUCCATA ‘things held in the mouth’ has given the modern words for ‘mouthful’: Rum. bucată (which has now lost its original signification and become the general word for ‘piece’, though the pl. bucate means ‘food’; for the semantic development, cf. Fr. 138
139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. boccata, Surs. buccada, UEng. bucheda, LEng. boccada, Fr. bouchée, Prov., Cat., OSp., OPtg. bocada (as against modern Sp., Ptg. bocado), Sard. buccada. This last word is only used for liquids, whereas for solids the word is mossada, formed from mossa < MORSA, perhaps a plural for ‘things bitten off’; the cognates elsewhere are It. morsa, Surs. morsa/miersa, UEng. müersa, LEng. morsa, OFr. morse, Prov. mo(r)sa, Cat. mossa, (OSp. only muesso), Ptg. mossa. A slightly similar form to *BUCCATA is *BUCA-TU/-TA from a Germanic root meaning ‘lye’, which has given It. bucato ‘washing’, Fr. buée ‘steam’ (cf. buandière above), OSp. bugada ‘lye’. From PENSATA ‘things weighed’ we get the words for a ‘weighing’, It. pesata, Fr. pesée, Occ. pesado, Cat., Sp., Ptg. pesada, cf. Sard. pesada ‘a raising’. *PUGNATA has given the words for ‘handful’ (as well as for ‘a blow with the fist’), so It. pugnata, Surs. pugnada, Eng. pugneda, Fr. poignée, Pr. ponhada, Cat. punyada; the Sp. puñada and Ptg. punhada only have the latter meaning, and for the former puñado, punhado are used. Among later formations, for a ‘cartload’ we have It. carrettata, Fr. charretée, Prov., Cat., Sp. carretada, Ptg. carr(et)ada; cf. also Surs. cargada, UEng. chargeda, LEng. chargiada, Occ. cargado, Cat. carregada. For a ‘boatload’ there are the similar It. barcata, Fr. barquée, Occ. barcado, Cat., Sp., Ptg. barcada. For a ‘brood’ there are various words based either on NIDUS or on CUBARE: It. nidiata, covata, Surs. gnivada, cuada, UEng. gnieveda, cuveda, LEng. gnieuada, cuvada, Fr. nichée, couvée, Occ. ni(s)ado, couvado, Cat. ni(u)ada, covada, Sp. nidada, Ptg. ninhada, Sard. niada. I have boldly listed all these forms as going back to old neuters though, as I have said, it may only be the type of formation itself that is neuter in origin. As is shown by Alexander’s examples taken from French, the number of -ATA forms is legion, and their range of signification very varied, other typical fomations being illustrated by It. gelata, ‘frost’, gettata ‘throw’, cavalcata ‘ride on horseback’, ‘cavalcade’, pescata ‘catch of fish’, giornata ‘space of a day’, ‘a day’s journey’, with cognates elsewhere.
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
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une formation hybride à cheval sur
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19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
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21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
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23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
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25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
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27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
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29 29 singular in early times), SPI
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31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
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33 33 plural (evidence of the early
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35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
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37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
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39 39 singulars are felt to be the
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41 41 language, producing a situati
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43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
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45 45 separated from braç, as are
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47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
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49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
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51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
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53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
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55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
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57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
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59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
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61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
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63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
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65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
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67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
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69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls
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71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
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73 73 in the areas which use -i for
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75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
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77 77 turn to the dialects to find
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79 79 matching these also ulivo/uli
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81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)
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83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
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85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’,
Page 87 and 88: 87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag
Page 89 and 90: 89 89 péšego), with another varie
Page 91 and 92: 91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
Page 93 and 94: 93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
Page 95 and 96: 95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
Page 97 and 98: 97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
Page 99 and 100: 99 99 native to the area all right,
Page 101 and 102: 101 101 but the fortuitous similari
Page 103 and 104: 103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
Page 105 and 106: 105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
Page 107 and 108: 107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
Page 109 and 110: 109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111 and 112: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 113 and 114: 113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODU
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
Page 119 and 120: 119 119 down by purely popular tran
Page 121 and 122: 121 121 examples I have given above
Page 123 and 124: 123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
Page 125 and 126: 125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
Page 127 and 128: 127 127 with the same meaning. This
Page 129 and 130: 129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
Page 131 and 132: 131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. fest
Page 133 and 134: 133 133 ‘salary’, and in these
Page 135 and 136: 135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) lég
Page 137: 137 137 the widespread forms corres
Page 141 and 142: 141 141 languages the first consona
Page 143 and 144: 143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
Page 145 and 146: 145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCUL
Page 147 and 148: 147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
Page 149 and 150: 149 149 are also forms without clas
Page 151 and 152: 151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
Page 153 and 154: 153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
Page 155 and 156: 155 155 become a singular meaning
Page 157 and 158: 157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
Page 159 and 160: 159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. Fro
Page 161 and 162: 161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’,
Page 163 and 164: 163 163 combination of meanings; in
Page 165 and 166: 165 165 has at the same time become
Page 167 and 168: 167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
Page 169 and 170: 169 169 feminines; examples are It.
Page 171 and 172: 171 171 feminine noun which has nei
Page 173 and 174: 173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
Page 175 and 176: 175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
Page 177 and 178: 177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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