The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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84 masc. pressec for ‘peach’, in this case not flanked by any feminine form. Otherwise feminine forms are the rule: pera, pruna, mora (and amora), cerira (now cirera), serva, maçana, nespra (Mall. nespla), dial. fraga/fraula (for standard maduixa ‘strawberry’). (For the ‘cornel’ only the tree-name corn, cornell, corniol is found.) The word for ‘orange’, taronja, is likewise feminine (though in Roussillon a masc. taronjo is found); this word, which comes from the same Arabic source as the cognate Sp., Ptg. taronja ‘bitter orange’, ‘grapefruit’, is used for the sweet fruit in preference to naronja, which is reserved for the bitter one. Similar feminine forms are llimona ‘lemon’, llima ‘lime’, and Catalan also has andrina, apparently from Spanish, for ‘sloe’; note also the dial. nouella ‘Adam’s apple’. For ‘jujube’ Catalan has the masc. gínjol, and for ‘sour cherry’ guinda or guindola (earlier guíndola). Original Latin feminines are ametlla (old amenla), (a)vellana, castanya and oliva (note also the placename Oliu); in the standard language alzina (Valen. aulina) ‘holm-oak’ is only the name of the tree, but in dialect it refers to the acorn, as does Prov. eusino (the tree being alzinera). Codony is the standard word for ‘quince’, but codonya is also used, as in Provençal, for a larger variety. We also have the expected masc. albercoc ‘apricot’, together with gerd ‘raspberry’ (here the pruna de Damasc (or Domàs) is a ‘greengage’); note also prun ‘plum’ in the adjoining zone of Benasque (DCELC). Catalan also provides corroboration of my etymology of OFr. permain in permany (peramany), denoting a large kind of pear. i) The position in Spanish is more similar to that in Italian, in that it often preserves the old masculine name of the tree, as well as the neuter singular for the fruit. (But for the name of the tree it may also use -ARIU, -ARIA, as in almendr-ero/-era, albaricoquero, avellanera, morera, or transfer the -al ending, normally used along with -ar to denote an orchard or plantation, so peral ‘pear tree’, moral ‘mulberry tree’, as compared with pomar ‘orchard’, 84
85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’, castañ-al/-ar ‘chestnut grove’.) In the case of the ‘apple’, the standard word is manzana (earlier ma(n)çana, Moz. massana, Ast. mazana) from POMA MAT(T)IANA ‘apples of Matius’, and the name of the tree is manzano (cf. also manzanilla and manzanillo). Pomo and poma are both in use, the first meaning ‘pome’, ‘pommel’, ‘pomander’, the second formerly (as in the Alex.) and still dialectally ‘apple’, otherwise ‘pomander’. (The range of meaning may partly have been taken from Catalan.) MELU on the other hand, is only preserved in compounds. Firstly we have old milgrano, as in Berceo, Mil., 4b, and also melgrano, mingrano, malgranado, recalling It. melograno, melo granato, to which Menéndez Pidal (§72.5a) also quotes parallel forms milgrana, mingrana, and the DCELC melgrana, manglana, malgranada (Mil., 39a). Then there is membrillo ‘quince’ (Moz. melmelo, Ast. marmiellu) from MELIMELU, for both tree and fruit; there is also a fem. membrilla for a variety of quince. Finally we have learnèd melocotón, now the generic word for ‘peach’, originally meaning a peach grafted on to a quince and based on MELU COTONEU. For ‘pear’ Spanish has pera, but there is also pero for a ‘pearmain apple’ (both fruit and tree), further supporting my derivation of OFr. permain (compare Catalan and see Portuguese below; peros is found in Mil., 4b, contrasted with mazanedas). The standard word for ‘plum’ is ciruela (Moz. chirola), from PRUNA CEREOLA, with ciruelo as the name of the tree, but pruna is also found on the edge of Catalan-speaking territory, and in some dialects pruno is used for the fruit as well as for the tree (Men. Pid., §77.2; cf. Benasque prun above). In Asturian there is a parallel form (a)bruno or abruño for a ‘small black plum’ (sloe? – cf. OIt. brugna, Ptg. (a)brunho) or its tree, with a similar bruñola given in the REW (cf. Friul. bruñul). For the ‘sloe’ the standard word is endrina (also introduced into Galician), with endrino for the ‘blackthorn’ tree; the older forms are andrina, andrino, as in Asturian (cf. It. (a)trigno, (a)trigna, from Latin *ATRINU), and these have also spread to
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
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une formation hybride à cheval sur
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19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
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21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
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23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
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25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
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27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
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29 29 singular in early times), SPI
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31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
Page 33 and 34: 33 33 plural (evidence of the early
Page 35 and 36: 35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
Page 37 and 38: 37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
Page 39 and 40: 39 39 singulars are felt to be the
Page 41 and 42: 41 41 language, producing a situati
Page 43 and 44: 43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
Page 45 and 46: 45 45 separated from braç, as are
Page 47 and 48: 47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
Page 49 and 50: 49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
Page 51 and 52: 51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
Page 53 and 54: 53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
Page 55 and 56: 55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
Page 57 and 58: 57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
Page 59 and 60: 59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
Page 61 and 62: 61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
Page 63 and 64: 63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
Page 65 and 66: 65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
Page 67 and 68: 67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
Page 69 and 70: 69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls
Page 71 and 72: 71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
Page 73 and 74: 73 73 in the areas which use -i for
Page 75 and 76: 75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
Page 77 and 78: 77 77 turn to the dialects to find
Page 79 and 80: 79 79 matching these also ulivo/uli
Page 81 and 82: 81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)
Page 83: 83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
Page 87 and 88: 87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag
Page 89 and 90: 89 89 péšego), with another varie
Page 91 and 92: 91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
Page 93 and 94: 93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
Page 95 and 96: 95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
Page 97 and 98: 97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
Page 99 and 100: 99 99 native to the area all right,
Page 101 and 102: 101 101 but the fortuitous similari
Page 103 and 104: 103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
Page 105 and 106: 105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
Page 107 and 108: 107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
Page 109 and 110: 109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111 and 112: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 113 and 114: 113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODU
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
Page 119 and 120: 119 119 down by purely popular tran
Page 121 and 122: 121 121 examples I have given above
Page 123 and 124: 123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
Page 125 and 126: 125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
Page 127 and 128: 127 127 with the same meaning. This
Page 129 and 130: 129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
Page 131 and 132: 131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. fest
Page 133 and 134: 133 133 ‘salary’, and in these
Page 135 and 136:
135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) lég
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137 137 the widespread forms corres
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139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. bo
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141 141 languages the first consona
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143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
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145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCUL
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147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
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149 149 are also forms without clas
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151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
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153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
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155 155 become a singular meaning
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157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
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159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. Fro
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161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’,
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163 163 combination of meanings; in
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165 165 has at the same time become
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167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
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169 169 feminines; examples are It.
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171 171 feminine noun which has nei
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173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
Page 175 and 176:
175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
Page 177 and 178:
177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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