The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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132 lumănare ‘candle’, OIt. luminaria/lum(in)iera ‘light’, ‘lantern’, Surs. glimera, Eng. glümera ‘daylight’, Fr. lumière ‘light’, Prov. lum(i)niera ‘ditto’, Cat. llumanera ‘lamp’. One form surviving in a plural function is OIt. telaia, Neap. telara ‘looms’ from *TELARIA. Another plural from an -ARE noun, ALTARIA ‘altars’, did not itself survive, but gave rise to a new singular ALTARIU, of which the modern reflexes are Rum. altar (of which the pl. altare may in fact continue ALTARIA, cf. căldare, cărare from CALDARIA, *CARRARIA), ONeap. altaro, Val Breg. alteir, Val Gard. outere (Schicks.), OFr. altier, Prov. altari (but Cat. alter, Sp. otero, Ptg. outeiro ‘hillock’ are now referred to ALTUS). Another -ARIU form which developed from -ARE is *COCHLEARIU ‘spoon’; here the modern languages have forms derived from either *COCHLEARE or *COCHLEARIU, often with change to the feminine gender and a feminine ending added: It. cucchiaio/cucchiaia/cucchiara, Fr. cuiller/cuillère, Prov. culher/culhera, Cat. cullera, Sp. cuchar (OSp., fem.)/cuchara, Ptg. colhar (OPtg., fem.; M.-L., Schicks., also gives an old cochar)/colher (fem.), Sard. (Nuor.) kokariu, (Log.) kogardzu, (Camp.) krogalla. Two other plural forms in -ARIA are CENTENARIA and MILIARIA, which have survived as plurals in It. centinaia ‘hundreds’ and migliaia ‘thousands’, but these are are unsupported by feminine forms elsewhere, unless Ptg. milheiras ‘roe’ corresponds, rather than being formed from milho ‘millet’. In Rumanian, nouns of the -ARE class were incorporated into the -ARIU class, with the ending -ar, and any nouns with this ending that do not refer to animate beings have joined the “mixed” declension, so that in this sense the -ARIA form is still preserved in a plural function. Thus we have grânare ‘granaries’, mădulare ‘limbs’, amnare ‘steels (for striking fire)’, cuibare ‘nests’, ziare ‘newspapers’, ‘journals’, ştergare ‘towels’, pătrare ‘quarters’, numerare ‘ready cash’, sertare ‘drawers’, with neologisms like dicŃionare ‘dictionaries’, sanctuare ‘sanctuaries’, vestiare ‘cloakrooms’, itinerare ‘itineraries’, onorare ‘fees’, exemplare ‘copies of a book’. There are also other neologisms in -ariu belonging to the same declension, such as salariu 132
133 133 ‘salary’, and in these the plural combination -ie has been replaced by -ii, as salarii (with article -le). c) A similar -ORIA formation is seen in TONSORIA, *CISORIA, which may well be plurals, considering their use to mean ‘shears’, ‘scissors’; here we have It. cesoia, cesoie (and old cisoie) ‘shears’, Pavia tezoira (with vowel dissimilation), Romagn. tuzura (and cf. the old verb tosorare), Friul. sizore, OFr. cisoires, Upper Maine tousoires, Prov. tosoira and tesoiras with dissimilation, cisoiras, OCat. tosoras, tesores, now tisores, and cisores, Sp. tijeras (with -er- < -uer- < -oir-), Gal. tosoira, Ptg. tesoira, tesoura (and old tisoura; cf. also Gal. cezoiro, Ptg. cisoiro ‘strap’, given by Wartburg); related forms are Rum. tunsoare ‘shearing’ (re-formed on tunde) and Log. tusordzu ‘shearing place and time’. For *COOPERTORIA, if this belongs here, we have It. copertoia, Sp. cobertera, Ptg. cobertoura ‘lid’, all flanked by other forms in -o, but this may be a case of a later formation of masculine and feminine pairs, which we shall look at in due course. In general the -ORIA forms are as difficult to classify as the -ARIA ones, though Meyer-Lübke (Schicks.) lists all the present-day feminine forms as if they had come from neuters. As in the case of -ARIU > -ar, Rumanian has mixed-declension nouns in -or < -ORIU (this -ORIU also replaced -ORE in masculine agent nouns, just as -ARIU replaced -ARE), with the result that we find -oare as the corresponding plural form representing the plural -ORIA, just as it represents the feminine singular -ORIA in other cases. Examples of such plurals are cuptoare ‘ovens’ (< *COCTORIA), ajutoare ‘aid’, dormitoare ‘bedrooms’, and many neologisms like motoare, generatoare, transformatoare, acumulatoare, condensatoare, carburatoare and so on; there are also new mixed-declension forms in -oriu, with pl. -orii, like those in -ariu, -arii, as auditoriu, abatoriu ‘abattoir’, consistoriu, refectoriu, repertoriu, territoriu. In the Romance languages in general, the form resulting from -ORIU (and sometimes -ORE) is used to make nouns denoting a place where something is
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
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une formation hybride à cheval sur
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19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
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21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
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23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
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25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
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27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
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29 29 singular in early times), SPI
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31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
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33 33 plural (evidence of the early
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35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
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37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
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39 39 singulars are felt to be the
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41 41 language, producing a situati
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43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
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45 45 separated from braç, as are
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47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
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49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
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51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
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53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
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55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
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57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
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59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
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61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
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63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
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65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
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67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
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69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls
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71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
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73 73 in the areas which use -i for
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75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
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77 77 turn to the dialects to find
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79 79 matching these also ulivo/uli
Page 81 and 82: 81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)
Page 83 and 84: 83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
Page 85 and 86: 85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’,
Page 87 and 88: 87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag
Page 89 and 90: 89 89 péšego), with another varie
Page 91 and 92: 91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
Page 93 and 94: 93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
Page 95 and 96: 95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
Page 97 and 98: 97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
Page 99 and 100: 99 99 native to the area all right,
Page 101 and 102: 101 101 but the fortuitous similari
Page 103 and 104: 103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
Page 105 and 106: 105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
Page 107 and 108: 107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
Page 109 and 110: 109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111 and 112: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 113 and 114: 113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODU
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
Page 119 and 120: 119 119 down by purely popular tran
Page 121 and 122: 121 121 examples I have given above
Page 123 and 124: 123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
Page 125 and 126: 125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
Page 127 and 128: 127 127 with the same meaning. This
Page 129 and 130: 129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
Page 131: 131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. fest
Page 135 and 136: 135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) lég
Page 137 and 138: 137 137 the widespread forms corres
Page 139 and 140: 139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. bo
Page 141 and 142: 141 141 languages the first consona
Page 143 and 144: 143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
Page 145 and 146: 145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCUL
Page 147 and 148: 147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
Page 149 and 150: 149 149 are also forms without clas
Page 151 and 152: 151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
Page 153 and 154: 153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
Page 155 and 156: 155 155 become a singular meaning
Page 157 and 158: 157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
Page 159 and 160: 159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. Fro
Page 161 and 162: 161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’,
Page 163 and 164: 163 163 combination of meanings; in
Page 165 and 166: 165 165 has at the same time become
Page 167 and 168: 167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
Page 169 and 170: 169 169 feminines; examples are It.
Page 171 and 172: 171 171 feminine noun which has nei
Page 173 and 174: 173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
Page 175 and 176: 175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
Page 177 and 178: 177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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