The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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136 forms. There is also another word, mudande ‘drawers’, ‘trunks’, from MUTANDA ‘things to be changed’, which has counterparts in Eng. müdandas, OFr. muande, Occ. mu(d)ando. Other Italian forms have counterparts in derivatives, so It. (also Eng.) filanda ‘spinning-mill’ beside Surs. filantaria, Fr. filandière, Occ. fi(e)landiero, Cat. filanera, Sp. hilandera, Ptg. fiandeira, or It. lavanda, with Surs., LEng. lavonda, UEng. lavanda, beside Fr. lavandière (cf. Engl. launder), Occ. lavandiero, Cat. llavanera, Sp. lavandera, Ptg. lavandeira (note also Fr. buandière, where other languages only have forms based on the past participle of this verb, see below). Compare also Occ. teissendier ‘weaver’, which is also used as a name, Tissandier, and has a cognate in the Cat. place name Teixiner. One more learned form widely used is REPRIMENDA, which gives the words for ‘reprimand’, Rum. reprimandă (from Fr.?), It., Cat., Sp., Ptg. reprimenda, Rh. reprimanda, Fr. réprimande (and old reprimende), Occ. reprimendo/ reprimando. e) In the case of the present participle, the neuter plural forms, if they survived, would be indistinguishable from the nouns in -TIA, and the same thing can be said for the future participle forms in -TURA, -SURA; however, we may perhaps see an old plural ADVENTURA ‘things to come’ in It. avventura ‘adventure’, ‘chance’, ‘luck’, Surs. ventira, Eng. ventüra (these two only with the meaning of ‘luck’), Fr. aventure, Prov., Cat., Sp., Ptg. aventura. It is when we come to the past participle, though, that we can find sure traces of developments out of neuter forms, in which Rumanian is also involved, though even here we are not on absolutely certain ground. The problem, as before, is that we need to distinguish between forms that go back to old neuters and others that represent old feminine singulars; as examples of the latter we may quote It. armata and its cognates, which have probably come from CLASSIS ARMATA, or Fr. corvée, Prov. corroada, derived from OPERA CORROGATA, while 136
137 137 the widespread forms corresponding to TRA(NS)VERSA probably represent VIA (TRABS) TRANSVERSA. There has been much dispute over the origin of the modern feminine forms down the years, and I have turned up two articles referred to by Grandgent in his Introduction to Vulgar Latin, p. 21, which reinforce my own views; one is by C. Collin in Archiv für lateinische Lexicographie und Grammatik, XIII, pp. 453 sqq., and the other by L.H. Alexander, “Participial Substantives of the -ata type in the Romance languages” (Columbia University Press, 1912), in which he summarizes Collin’s conclusions and then gives a comprehensive listing of the French forms using the -ATA suffix, categorized according to the class of meaning. Collin, after giving a synopsis of the views of his predecessors, takes up the point that I have referred to earlier, namely the tendency in late Latin for the 4th-declension deverbals in -TUS, -SUS to be supplanted by the substantivized neuter forms of the past participles. He points first to a number of participial neuter nouns found in classical Latin, whose plurals appear in late Latin as feminine singulars; among them are DEBITA, DICTA, FACTA, MERITA, PECCATA, PLACITA, PRAECEPTA, PROMISSA, SCRIPTA. He then gives other late Latin participial feminine nouns with active meanings, corresponding to classical forms in -TIO, -SIO, and points out that in general the nouns in -IO were literary, while those in -TUS, -SUS were preferred in popular usage (and were, as we have seen, subject to replacement by those in -TUM, -SUM, -TA, -SA); these include ACCESSA (RE-), ASCENSA, CENSA, COLLECTA (only found in classical Latin in the sense of PECUNIA COLLECTA or, as a plural, for OPERA COLLECTA), CONSULTA, DEFENSA (OF-), DEPRENSA, EXPENSA (DIS-, IM-), MISSA, REMISSA (both as singular and as plural), PUNCTA (‘prick’), TINCTA (‘stroke of the pen’). Collin gives it as his opinion that in view of the interchange between the -TUS, -SUS and -TUM, -SUM forms and the tendency for the neuter plurals to become used as feminine singulars (and he quotes other neuter nouns to back up his argument) it is most likely that the widespread formation in Romance of
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
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une formation hybride à cheval sur
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19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
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21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
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23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
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25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
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27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
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29 29 singular in early times), SPI
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31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
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33 33 plural (evidence of the early
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35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
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37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
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39 39 singulars are felt to be the
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41 41 language, producing a situati
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43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
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45 45 separated from braç, as are
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47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
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49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
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51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
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53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
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55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
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57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
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59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
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61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
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63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
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65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
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67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
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69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls
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71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
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73 73 in the areas which use -i for
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75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
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77 77 turn to the dialects to find
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79 79 matching these also ulivo/uli
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81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)
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83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
Page 85 and 86: 85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’,
Page 87 and 88: 87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag
Page 89 and 90: 89 89 péšego), with another varie
Page 91 and 92: 91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
Page 93 and 94: 93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
Page 95 and 96: 95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
Page 97 and 98: 97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
Page 99 and 100: 99 99 native to the area all right,
Page 101 and 102: 101 101 but the fortuitous similari
Page 103 and 104: 103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
Page 105 and 106: 105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
Page 107 and 108: 107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
Page 109 and 110: 109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111 and 112: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 113 and 114: 113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODU
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
Page 119 and 120: 119 119 down by purely popular tran
Page 121 and 122: 121 121 examples I have given above
Page 123 and 124: 123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
Page 125 and 126: 125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
Page 127 and 128: 127 127 with the same meaning. This
Page 129 and 130: 129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
Page 131 and 132: 131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. fest
Page 133 and 134: 133 133 ‘salary’, and in these
Page 135: 135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) lég
Page 139 and 140: 139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. bo
Page 141 and 142: 141 141 languages the first consona
Page 143 and 144: 143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
Page 145 and 146: 145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCUL
Page 147 and 148: 147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
Page 149 and 150: 149 149 are also forms without clas
Page 151 and 152: 151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
Page 153 and 154: 153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
Page 155 and 156: 155 155 become a singular meaning
Page 157 and 158: 157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
Page 159 and 160: 159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. Fro
Page 161 and 162: 161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’,
Page 163 and 164: 163 163 combination of meanings; in
Page 165 and 166: 165 165 has at the same time become
Page 167 and 168: 167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
Page 169 and 170: 169 169 feminines; examples are It.
Page 171 and 172: 171 171 feminine noun which has nei
Page 173 and 174: 173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
Page 175 and 176: 175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
Page 177 and 178: 177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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