The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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112 FRIGORA appears in Fr. frileux, Prov. frigourous, Sp. friolento, Ptg. friorento (FR1GUS is not to be seen in tener frío/ter frio, where frío/frio (OSp. frido) go back to FRIGIDU). PULVERA/*PULVORA has given the collective singular forms Surs. puorla, Eng. puolvra, Fr. poudre, Prov. polvera/porba/proba/poldra, Cat. pólvora (OCat. pólvera), and Sp., Ptg. pólvora, which the DCELC says are taken from Catalan (but cf. Ast. pólvoro). From *CINERA we have Surs. tschendra (Laus., §312), Fr. cendre and Cat. cendra (also borrowed into Spanish), but on the whole other cognate forms in -A have been introduced, so Rum. cenuşă, It. cinigia (and old cianugia), Friul. sinize, EFr. cenise, Prov. ceniza, Sp. ceniza, Ptg. cinza, Sard. kinisa > kisina > kižina. ROBORA, as we saw in §9n, has given the Sursilvan collective ruvra, but otherwise only masculine forms are found in the various langages. From FULGUR too the earlier forms are masculine, so OFr. fuildre, Prov. folzer/foldre, though Fr. foudre is now feminine, and there is a feminine Provençal form fousèro. GLOMUS is represented in Sardinian by forms with the extended stem: Log. lorumu ( < * lomuru), Camp. lomburu; the late Latin extended stem of FIMUS is seen in the derivatives OFr. fembrier, Prov. femorier (fum-), but, as noted in §4c, there was also a pl. *FEMITA from which have come Fr. fiente, Prov. fenta/-da, Cat. fempta/fenta, femna, Sp. hienda, with a Gal. fento corresponding to masc. forms also found elsewhere (there are also sing. forms derived from FEMUS). We may perhaps see VELLORA in Moz. véllora (Wart.), though modern Andal. vellora has a change of accent; the extended stem is seen in OFr., Fr.-Prov. veaure (masc.), Mirand. veldre. (Fr., Prov. gen(d)re from GENERE have all the appearance of being popular, but the chances are against the oblique case — as opposed to the plural — of a noun in -US becoming popularized, and the forms in the other languages are clearly learned.) e) Taking now the other words I quoted earlier — ARMUS, ERVUS, 112
113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODUS, GRADUS, PUTEUS, VADUS, FETUS — we find firstly Rum. pl. armuri (with a new sing, armur(e) alongside arm), and ierburi ‘herbs’, ‘small flowering plants’ as the plural of iarbă ‘grass’, ‘herb’. Here Italian has no -ora forms for either, as far as I have been able to discover, unless the Lombard Latin gerboras (“inter gerboras et terra arva”) is this word; ERVUS appears as lero or learned ervo (and note also the erbo quoted above), but we find erbor- or erbol- in derivatives of erba such as erborare, and I will discuss this in a minute. For FUNDUS we have Rum. pl. funduri and Lomb. Lat. fundora; I have not found such a form quoted from later writings, but the extended stem is seen in OIt. sfondolare. In the case of ARCUS we have Rum. pl. arcuri as well as old arce, Lomb. Lat. arcora, with the same form continued in Old Tuscan, and for COLFUS the modern Rum. golfuri, which happens to balance the COLFORA recorded at Ravenna. NODUS is represented by Rum. pl. noduri and adj. noduros, OTusc. nodora, Calab. nudura, adj. nodoruto (thus lending support to the idea of a neuter *NODUS surviving in Gallo-Romance), and GRADUS by Lomb. Lat. and OIt. gradora (Rum. grad, pl. grade, is modern). For PUTEUS we have Rum. pl. puŃuri, It. dial. pozzora, puzzure, for VADUS Rum. pl. vaduri and Lomb. Lat. vadora, and for FETUS Lomb. Lat., Neap. fetora (here Rumanian has masc. făt, pl. feŃi, as in Făt Frumos ‘Prince Charming’). Elsewhere the extended stem of ARMUS is found in Sp. enarmorarse ‘rear up’, and then we come to ERVUS, about which Meyer-Lübke has an interesting theory, though this is called into question by Corominas. His idea (already expressed in Schicks.) is that Rum. ierburi, It. erborare not orginally connected with HERBA, but come from 3rd-declension ERVUS, attested in Venantius Fortunatus and backed up by Fr., Prov., Cat. ers; Corominas, however, argues that this last-named form has come from the plural, saying that in Spanish the pl. yeros is the form normally used. On the other hand, we find the root HERBOR- diffused everywhere, It. erbor-, erbol-, Fr. herbor-, herbol-, Prov.
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
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une formation hybride à cheval sur
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19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
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21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
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23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
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25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
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27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
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29 29 singular in early times), SPI
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31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
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33 33 plural (evidence of the early
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35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
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37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
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39 39 singulars are felt to be the
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41 41 language, producing a situati
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43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
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45 45 separated from braç, as are
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47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
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49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
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51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
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53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
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55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
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57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
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59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
Page 61 and 62: 61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
Page 63 and 64: 63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
Page 65 and 66: 65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
Page 67 and 68: 67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
Page 69 and 70: 69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls
Page 71 and 72: 71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
Page 73 and 74: 73 73 in the areas which use -i for
Page 75 and 76: 75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
Page 77 and 78: 77 77 turn to the dialects to find
Page 79 and 80: 79 79 matching these also ulivo/uli
Page 81 and 82: 81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)
Page 83 and 84: 83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
Page 85 and 86: 85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’,
Page 87 and 88: 87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag
Page 89 and 90: 89 89 péšego), with another varie
Page 91 and 92: 91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
Page 93 and 94: 93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
Page 95 and 96: 95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
Page 97 and 98: 97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
Page 99 and 100: 99 99 native to the area all right,
Page 101 and 102: 101 101 but the fortuitous similari
Page 103 and 104: 103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
Page 105 and 106: 105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
Page 107 and 108: 107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
Page 109 and 110: 109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
Page 119 and 120: 119 119 down by purely popular tran
Page 121 and 122: 121 121 examples I have given above
Page 123 and 124: 123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
Page 125 and 126: 125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
Page 127 and 128: 127 127 with the same meaning. This
Page 129 and 130: 129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
Page 131 and 132: 131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. fest
Page 133 and 134: 133 133 ‘salary’, and in these
Page 135 and 136: 135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) lég
Page 137 and 138: 137 137 the widespread forms corres
Page 139 and 140: 139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. bo
Page 141 and 142: 141 141 languages the first consona
Page 143 and 144: 143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
Page 145 and 146: 145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCUL
Page 147 and 148: 147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
Page 149 and 150: 149 149 are also forms without clas
Page 151 and 152: 151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
Page 153 and 154: 153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
Page 155 and 156: 155 155 become a singular meaning
Page 157 and 158: 157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
Page 159 and 160: 159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. Fro
Page 161 and 162: 161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’,
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163 163 combination of meanings; in
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165 165 has at the same time become
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167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
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169 169 feminines; examples are It.
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171 171 feminine noun which has nei
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173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
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175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
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177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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