The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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140 g) I have not yet spoken of the forms of this type which are still preserved in a plural function in Rumanian and sporadically in Italian, often with singular forms elsewhere. Here we have, from PECCATA ‘sins’, Rum. păcate, OIt. peccata/peccate, SIt. peccatərə, to which compare the isolated Sp. “por pecada” in Alex. P 335a, and OSard. peccada, said to have been taken from Italian; from FACTA ‘deeds’, Rum. pl. fapte, It. sing. fatta ‘sort’, Surs. fatga, Eng. fatta ‘affair’, OFr. faite ‘sort’, malefaite ‘misdeed’, Occ. fato/facho ‘deed’, ‘affair’, Prov. malafacha ‘misdeed’, Cat. feita ‘sort’, OSp. hecha, Ptg. feita ‘deed’, ‘occasion’; from VOTA ‘vows’, SIt. pl. vutura, to which correspond the singulars OFr. veue (in maleveue ‘disaster’), Prov. voda/vota ‘vow’, ‘festival’, Cat., Sp., Ptg. boda ‘wedding’; from RISA ‘laughs’, Rum. râsuri (and Collin gives a form râse), It. risa (also singular in dialect), and the singulars Sp., Ptg. risa (cf. also the cognate singulars It. risata, Surs. risada, Eng. riseda, Fr. risée, Prov., Cat. dial., Sp., Ptg. risada, where Rumanian has a pl. râsete, see below); from PEDITA ‘farts’, It. (Neap.) pl. pedətə, and the singulars Fr. dial. pète(s), Occ. peto ‘animal droppings’, Ptg. peida ‘arse’; from VERSA ‘verses’, Rum. viersuri, OIt. versa, OPtg. versas; Collin also gives Calab., Sic. vestita ‘clothes’, and It. gesta ‘feats’, which, also appearing as it does as a singular, is rather, here as elsewhere, to be considered as a borrowing from Fr. geste, which is itself of learned introduction from Latin. In Italian we also find the old plural forms precepta, merta (as PRAECEPTA, MERITA above), cantora ‘songs’ (or is this the other word ‘corners’ ?) and sensora ‘senses’, given by Meyer-Lübke (Schicks.), as well as tetta or tettora ‘roofs’, this last still preserved in southérn dialects, with a parallel Occ. (Dauph.) sing. techo, while Rumanian has the isolated cuvinte ‘words’, sing. cuvânt < CONVENTU, the process of semantic change being from ‘meeting’ via ‘dialogue’. We may also for convenience include here another 4th-declension noun which was attracted to this pattern, and that is QUIRITUS, a deverbal from QUIRITARE ‘cry aloud’; in many of the modern 140
141 141 languages the first consonant appears as a g, and here, in Sursilvan at least, there might be crossing with GARRITUS, cf. grir < GARRIRE. Italian has grida (and SIt. gride) as a collective plural, as opposed to gridi for individual utterances, and similar forms are found for other words for ‘cries’, strida, stridi, and urla, urli, while Rumanian has the similarly formed strigăte, Ńipete for ‘cries’. Elsewhere we only find collective singulars, as Surs. grida, Eng. crida, Cat. crida, Sp., Ptg. grita; there are other similar forms, like OFr. crie, Prov. crida, meaning a ‘proclamation’, but these are deverbals corresponding to the It. sing. grida. We also find a correspondence between Rum. pl. fremete ‘rustlings’ and the singulars OFr. friente and Sard. fremida ‘roar’, and a similar agreement in the kind of participial formation used is seen in Log. náskida, Camp. nášida and It. nascita. These last can hardly be plural forms in origin, but Bitti imbórvita, Log. imbórbida ‘offerings wrapped in cloths’, from *INVOLVITA would certainly seem to be, as do Log. prémidas ‘dysentery’ from *PREMITA and Log. (g)émida ‘groan’ from GEMITA. h) Other forms that we have looked at already are OIt. pərtosərə (pertosa is also found), reposora, passa, Rum. pasuri, as well as the numerous other Rumanian formations, old and new, quoted in §4e and §10g, such as visuri, drepturi, vânaturi, dusuri, scrisuri (note that among them we find plurals like cursuri ‘flows’, ‘courses’, răspunsuri ‘answers’ corresponding to feminine singulars elsewhere). It will be recalled that some of the Rumanian -uri forms were paralleled by Lombard Latin forms, some of which echo the late Latin forms given above: praeceptora, censora, accessora, scriptora, ingressora (e-, re-)/-uras, mansoras, traversoras (perhaps partly negating what I said above with regard to TRANSVERSA), cursoras, mercatora, and tectora anticipating the tettora above. There are also Rumanian plurals in -e, like the new formations acte, subiecte, procese I quoted in §5c, and other words denoting sounds, similar to the proparoxytonic fremete, strigăte above, such as sunete ‘sounds’,
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
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une formation hybride à cheval sur
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19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
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21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
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23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
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25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
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27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
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29 29 singular in early times), SPI
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31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
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33 33 plural (evidence of the early
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35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
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37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
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39 39 singulars are felt to be the
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41 41 language, producing a situati
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43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
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45 45 separated from braç, as are
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47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
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49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
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51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
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53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
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55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
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57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
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59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
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61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
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63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
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65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
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67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
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69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls
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71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
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73 73 in the areas which use -i for
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75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
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77 77 turn to the dialects to find
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79 79 matching these also ulivo/uli
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81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)
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83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
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85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’,
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87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag
Page 89 and 90: 89 89 péšego), with another varie
Page 91 and 92: 91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
Page 93 and 94: 93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
Page 95 and 96: 95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
Page 97 and 98: 97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
Page 99 and 100: 99 99 native to the area all right,
Page 101 and 102: 101 101 but the fortuitous similari
Page 103 and 104: 103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
Page 105 and 106: 105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
Page 107 and 108: 107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
Page 109 and 110: 109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111 and 112: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 113 and 114: 113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODU
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
Page 119 and 120: 119 119 down by purely popular tran
Page 121 and 122: 121 121 examples I have given above
Page 123 and 124: 123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
Page 125 and 126: 125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
Page 127 and 128: 127 127 with the same meaning. This
Page 129 and 130: 129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
Page 131 and 132: 131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. fest
Page 133 and 134: 133 133 ‘salary’, and in these
Page 135 and 136: 135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) lég
Page 137 and 138: 137 137 the widespread forms corres
Page 139: 139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. bo
Page 143 and 144: 143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
Page 145 and 146: 145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCUL
Page 147 and 148: 147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
Page 149 and 150: 149 149 are also forms without clas
Page 151 and 152: 151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
Page 153 and 154: 153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
Page 155 and 156: 155 155 become a singular meaning
Page 157 and 158: 157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
Page 159 and 160: 159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. Fro
Page 161 and 162: 161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’,
Page 163 and 164: 163 163 combination of meanings; in
Page 165 and 166: 165 165 has at the same time become
Page 167 and 168: 167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
Page 169 and 170: 169 169 feminines; examples are It.
Page 171 and 172: 171 171 feminine noun which has nei
Page 173 and 174: 173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
Page 175 and 176: 175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
Page 177 and 178: 177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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