The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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86 Braganza, and andrina appears in Catalan. Another name is amargaleja, while Asturian has nisa, nisu from NIXU (García de Diego quotes this as niša). Other words with -o/-a forms for the tree and the fruit are cerezo/cereza (Moz. cherasia, Ast. cereiza/zreisa), serbo/serba (sierva in Berceo, Duel., 35d; these and cognate forms are from a variant of Lat. SORBU/SORBA, the original vocalism of which is retained in Moz. šorba), mora ‘mulberry’ (the tree is, as we have seen, morera or moral, avoiding conflict with moro ‘Moor’) and zarzamora ‘blackberry’, níspero (earlier niéspero, still used in Soria, Moz. n(i)éxporo), níspera, níspola, dial. míspero, míspola, niéspola ‘medlar’, with níspero (Murc. nispolero) for the tree, Arag. fraga ‘strawberry’ (for ‘cornel’ only the tree names corno, cornejo, cornizo are given in the dictionaries, though the REW quotes a form cornízola, evidently for the fruit). Other fruits following the same pattern, some with matching tree names of secondary formation, are granada (Moz. granatha)/granado, grosella, frambuesa/frambueso, fresa (these three from French), naranja/naranjo, lima; another word is (ciruela) damascena, Toled. amacena, to which correspond Leon. méixena, méijana with the displacement of the accent that we have already seen. For the ‘jujube’ the standard forms are the Arabic azufaifa/azufaifo, but Spanish also has the Catalan jínjol for the fruit, and, formed from this, jinja/jinjo, and then, by contamination with guinda/guindo ‘sour cherry’ (cf. Prov. guindo), another set guínjol, guinja/guinjo; it also has yuyuba, evidently from the same source as the Fr. jujube. Other pairs going back to the same Latin feminines as we have seen elsewhere are avellana/avellano, almendra (Moz. amíndola, OArag. alméndola)/almendro, castaña/castaño (Moz. castanyola/castanyuelo) and oliva/olivo (generally both for the tree, as the ‘olive’ is aceituna, from Arabic, also with a parallel aceituno); there is also one more feminine, uva ‘grape’. In standard Spanish, encina (Moz. elchina, OSp. lecina) is the name of the 86
87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag. le(n)cina means ‘acorn’, and as a corollary to this we find encino in American Spanish as the name of the tree. The original name of the ‘peach’ has generally remained masculine, as the standard prisco, used for one variety, with the earlier form priesco surviving in some areas, such as Soria; cf. also the Ast. piesco/piescu and the forms pérsico, pérsigo (learnèd?). Here Aragonese has a similar presiego, but also the fem. presiega ‘quince’ (is another example to be seen in the Asturian placename Priescal ?). Peaches can be classified, as ‘freestone’ (abridero) or ‘clingstone’ (durazno, Moz. durachno), both masculine for tree and fruit; for the latter variety there are also the fem. pavía (fruit) and albérchiga/albérchigo, from the Arabic form of PERSICU. (Other masculines outside our scope are albaricoque (Moz. barcoc), from Arabic, and damasco, which in parts of Spain and in South America means ‘apricot’; cf. Arag. damasquino for a kind of peach.) j) As compared with Spanish, Portuguese differs in forming the name of the tree by the addition of -ARIU or -ARIA, the gender, strangely enough, being determined by that of the fruit. (The only case of a tree name in -o matching the Spanish one is castanho, which is flanked by castanheiro, while castanheira, which matches the gender of castanha, refers only to the wild tree; cf. also (a)zambujo/(a)zambujeiro for the ‘wild olive’, with fruit azambuja.) As in Spanish, the standard word for ‘apple’, maçã, is taken from MAT(T)IANA, with POMU, POMA surviving (or readopted) in special uses, thus pomo for any ‘pome’, especially an apple (e.g. for the ‘forbidden fruit’, ‘apple of discord’, ‘Adam’s apple’), ‘pommel’, ‘woman’s breast’, and poma anciently for ‘apple’ and now for ‘pomander’, ‘woman’s breast’, the two having a slightly different range and distribution of meanings from the Spanish words. As in Spanish also, MELU only appears in compounds; firstly there is the Gal. miligranda (DCELC) and OPtg. melgrada, mirgada, Transm. milgrada (REW) ‘pomegranate’ (the
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
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une formation hybride à cheval sur
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19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
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21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
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23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
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25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
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27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
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29 29 singular in early times), SPI
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31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
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33 33 plural (evidence of the early
Page 35 and 36: 35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
Page 37 and 38: 37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
Page 39 and 40: 39 39 singulars are felt to be the
Page 41 and 42: 41 41 language, producing a situati
Page 43 and 44: 43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
Page 45 and 46: 45 45 separated from braç, as are
Page 47 and 48: 47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
Page 49 and 50: 49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
Page 51 and 52: 51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
Page 53 and 54: 53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
Page 55 and 56: 55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
Page 57 and 58: 57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
Page 59 and 60: 59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
Page 61 and 62: 61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
Page 63 and 64: 63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
Page 65 and 66: 65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
Page 67 and 68: 67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
Page 69 and 70: 69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls
Page 71 and 72: 71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
Page 73 and 74: 73 73 in the areas which use -i for
Page 75 and 76: 75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
Page 77 and 78: 77 77 turn to the dialects to find
Page 79 and 80: 79 79 matching these also ulivo/uli
Page 81 and 82: 81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)
Page 83 and 84: 83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
Page 85: 85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’,
Page 89 and 90: 89 89 péšego), with another varie
Page 91 and 92: 91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
Page 93 and 94: 93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
Page 95 and 96: 95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
Page 97 and 98: 97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
Page 99 and 100: 99 99 native to the area all right,
Page 101 and 102: 101 101 but the fortuitous similari
Page 103 and 104: 103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
Page 105 and 106: 105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
Page 107 and 108: 107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
Page 109 and 110: 109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111 and 112: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 113 and 114: 113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODU
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
Page 119 and 120: 119 119 down by purely popular tran
Page 121 and 122: 121 121 examples I have given above
Page 123 and 124: 123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
Page 125 and 126: 125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
Page 127 and 128: 127 127 with the same meaning. This
Page 129 and 130: 129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
Page 131 and 132: 131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. fest
Page 133 and 134: 133 133 ‘salary’, and in these
Page 135 and 136: 135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) lég
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137 137 the widespread forms corres
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139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. bo
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141 141 languages the first consona
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143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
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145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCUL
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147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
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149 149 are also forms without clas
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151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
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153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
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155 155 become a singular meaning
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157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
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159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. Fro
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161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’,
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163 163 combination of meanings; in
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165 165 has at the same time become
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167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
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169 169 feminines; examples are It.
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171 171 feminine noun which has nei
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173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
Page 175 and 176:
175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
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177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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