The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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134 done or the name of a tool, while the corresponding -ORIA form generally denotes a tool. These modern feminines denoting tools can surely hardly be traced back to old plural forms, and are often flanked by masculines; an example is seen in Rum. strecurătoare ‘strainer’, ‘colander’ (the verb strecura corresponds to It. trascolare) beside It. colatoio (cf. colatore ‘drainage channel’), Rh. culader, Fr. couloir/couloire, Occ. couladou, Cat. colador, Sp. coladero/colador/coladera, Ptg. coadouro/coador/coadeira (with change of suffix; so also Sp., or is this a case of -er- < -uer-?), Log. koladordzu/koladore, Camp. koladrožu/koladori. d) Further examples of adjectival neuters are provided by the gerundive and the participles, among which the past participle is preeminent. (For the transference of such forms from plural to singular, cf. the fate of words like agenda and data in present-day English.) Here again, it is not always easy to determine whether the original Latin form was a neuter plural or a feminine singular, but in one case at least Rumanian provides a plural form. From MERENDA ‘things to be earned’ we have Rum. merinde ‘provisions’; elsewhere the word has become a singular meaning a ‘light meal’, so It. merenda, Rh. marenda, OFr. marende/merande, Prov. merenda, Cat. berena, Sp. merienda, Ptg. merenda, Sard. merenda, Vegl. marjanda. Similarly FAC(I)ENDA ‘things to be done’ gives It. faccenda ‘business’, ‘work to do’, Surs. fatschenta, Eng. fatschenda, Prov. fasenda, OCat. faena, now feina, Sp. hacienda, Ptg. fazenda, and a similar form underlies OFr. fesandier (the Sard. fattšenda is from Italian). From the Western church word OFFERENDA ‘offering’ we have OIt. offerenda, Surs. unfrenda, Fr. offrande, Prov. of(e)renda, ufrenda etc., Cat. ofrena, Sp. ofrenda (shown by its stressed vowel to be either borrowed or semi-learned), Ptg. oferenda, offrenda. Another Western church word is LEGENDA ‘the story of a saint’s life etc. to be read on his saint’s day’, which became the word for a ‘legend’: It. leggenda (borrowed into Rum. as legendă; also OIt. lienda), Rh. 134
135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) légende, Prov. ligenda/legenda, OCat. ligenda, now llegenda (also learned), Sp. leyenda, Ptg. lenda, and cf. Sard. lenda ‘information’. From MOLENDA ‘corn to be ground’ we get It. molenda ‘multure’, Sav. molanda, Dauph. molenda, Land. moulendo, Béarn. moulende ‘ditto’, Sp. molienda ‘(a) grinding’, Ptg. moenda ‘ditto’. VIVENDA ‘things necessary for life’ has given Fr. viande, formerly meaning ‘food’ in general (‘viands’) but now specialized to mean ‘meat’ (cf. the similar specialization of the Engl. meat); this form was evidently borrowed elsewhere, as we find It. vivanda, NIt. vianda, Surs. vivonda, Eng. vivanda, Prov. vi(v)anda, Cat., Sp., Ptg. vianda, Camp. vianda (from Genoese). But indigenous forms are also found: Prov. vivenda ‘food’, Sp. vivienda, Ptg. vivenda ‘dwelling-place’ (Rohlfs, §1098, also speaks of an OIt. vivenda preceding vivanda, but I have not found it quoted elsewhere). Similarly BIBENDA ‘things for drinking’ gives OGen. bevenda, Sic. vivenna (‘weak wine’), OFr. buvande, Prov., Cat. bevenda, OSp. bebienda; French influence is seen in It. bevanda, Surs. buonda, Eng. bavanda (variants of bubronda, bavranda, formed from the verbs bubrar, bavrer), Prov. bevanda. From PRAEBENDA ‘things to be supplied’, sometimes with change of prefix, we get Rum. premândă, It. provenda/profenda/provianda (and old prevenda) ‘provender’, earlier also ‘prebend (ecclesiastical office or stipend)’Surs. pervenda, Eng. prevenda ‘ditto’, OFr. provend(r)e ‘provender’, ‘prebend’, Prov. pre-/per-/pro-venda, Cat. Latin “cum ipso meo provenerio”, OPtg., Sard. provenda. The same word is also found as a learned borrowing for denoting the office of ‘prebend’ (not the person): Rum. prebendă, It. prebenda, Fr. prébende, Prov., Cat., Sp., Ptg. prebenda. Then there are other isolated formations. For Italian, Rohlfs (§§1098-99) gives chiudenda or serranda ‘oven-door’ (CLAUDENDA, SERANDA ‘to be closed’), tregenda ‘horde of witches’ and dial. tresenda/tresanda ‘lane’ from TRANSIENDA ‘to be passed’, dialect forms batenda/batanda ‘threshing (season)’, metenda ‘harvest’, sovenda (SEQUENDA) ‘logging chute (runway)’; however these may not all have come from plural
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
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une formation hybride à cheval sur
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19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
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21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
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23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
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25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
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27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
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29 29 singular in early times), SPI
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31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
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33 33 plural (evidence of the early
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35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
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37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
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39 39 singulars are felt to be the
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41 41 language, producing a situati
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43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
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45 45 separated from braç, as are
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47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
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49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
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51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
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53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
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55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
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57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
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59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
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61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
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63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
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65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
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67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
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69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls
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71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
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73 73 in the areas which use -i for
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75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
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77 77 turn to the dialects to find
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79 79 matching these also ulivo/uli
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81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)
Page 83 and 84: 83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
Page 85 and 86: 85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’,
Page 87 and 88: 87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag
Page 89 and 90: 89 89 péšego), with another varie
Page 91 and 92: 91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
Page 93 and 94: 93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
Page 95 and 96: 95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
Page 97 and 98: 97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
Page 99 and 100: 99 99 native to the area all right,
Page 101 and 102: 101 101 but the fortuitous similari
Page 103 and 104: 103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
Page 105 and 106: 105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
Page 107 and 108: 107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
Page 109 and 110: 109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111 and 112: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 113 and 114: 113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODU
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
Page 119 and 120: 119 119 down by purely popular tran
Page 121 and 122: 121 121 examples I have given above
Page 123 and 124: 123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
Page 125 and 126: 125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
Page 127 and 128: 127 127 with the same meaning. This
Page 129 and 130: 129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
Page 131 and 132: 131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. fest
Page 133: 133 133 ‘salary’, and in these
Page 137 and 138: 137 137 the widespread forms corres
Page 139 and 140: 139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. bo
Page 141 and 142: 141 141 languages the first consona
Page 143 and 144: 143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
Page 145 and 146: 145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCUL
Page 147 and 148: 147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
Page 149 and 150: 149 149 are also forms without clas
Page 151 and 152: 151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
Page 153 and 154: 153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
Page 155 and 156: 155 155 become a singular meaning
Page 157 and 158: 157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
Page 159 and 160: 159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. Fro
Page 161 and 162: 161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’,
Page 163 and 164: 163 163 combination of meanings; in
Page 165 and 166: 165 165 has at the same time become
Page 167 and 168: 167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
Page 169 and 170: 169 169 feminines; examples are It.
Page 171 and 172: 171 171 feminine noun which has nei
Page 173 and 174: 173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
Page 175 and 176: 175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
Page 177 and 178: 177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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